一、 不定式的概念.它是一種非謂語(yǔ)形式,在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ),但可以和其他動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ). 它沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,但有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化.
二、 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式和疑問(wèn)式
1． 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式由not/never to do構(gòu)成，另外，還有in order not to do, so as not to do, too…not to do…
2． 由“疑問(wèn)代詞、副詞(who, when, what, where, how + to do)”構(gòu)成，可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、和表語(yǔ)。
e.g.: He decided not to go there. The teacher told us never to cheat in the exam.老師告訴我們不要在考試中作弊。
I didn’t know what to do. When to hold the meeting is not known yet.
My question is how to get so many books.
三、 動(dòng)詞不定式在句中的用法
不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，它表示一個(gè)具體動(dòng)作，有將來(lái)時(shí)的意思�？勺髦髡Z(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。還可作賓語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
1. 作主語(yǔ) e.g.: To learn English is good way is important.
★不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)往往放在句子的后面，用it作形式主語(yǔ)。
e.g.: It is right to give up smoking. It is necessary to make a study plan.
★It’s …..of sb. to do sth.與It’s ….for sb. to do sth.
e.g.: It’s very kind/ nice of you to help me.感謝你的幫助。（表語(yǔ)形容詞用來(lái)說(shuō)明不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)具有某種品質(zhì)）
It’s hard for the Chinese students to learn Russian. （表語(yǔ)形容詞用來(lái)說(shuō)明不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)具有某種特征）
2. 作表語(yǔ)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明一個(gè)具體的或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作
e.g.: His wish is to become a doctor. My job is to teach English. The most important thing is to save time.
★當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是不定式時(shí)，其含義一是條件，一是結(jié)果。
e.g.: To see is to believe. To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.對(duì)敵人仁慈就是對(duì)人民殘酷。
3. 作賓語(yǔ), 不定式作賓語(yǔ)可跟在某些及物動(dòng)詞的后面，如hope, manage, refuse, set out, want, wish, decide, learn…，還可跟在某些標(biāo)語(yǔ)形容詞的后面，如glad, sure, afraid, able, sorry, free…..
e.g.: He wished to be a teacher in a mountain area. Do you like to watch TV? The students wanted to visit the museum.
I’m glad to meet you. You are free to go or stay.
★動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作賓語(yǔ)，如果帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，要先用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將真正的賓語(yǔ)不定式后置。
e.g.: I don’t think it right to do it in that way. I find it interesting to work with him.
★○1need, require, want后接V-ing，也可接不定式。
e.g.: The glass needs cutting. = The glass needs to be cut. 玻璃要割一下。
○2有些動(dòng)詞如stop, remember, forget, go on, mean…或接不定式和V-ing意義不同。
○3like, love, prefer后接不定式表示一次性的、具體的行為； 接V-ing表示經(jīng)常性的行為。
e.g.: I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.
I like reading in bed.
○4在begin, start, continue后用V-ing或不定式都可。但是不定式的動(dòng)詞如果是表示“理解、知道、明白”時(shí),一般只用不定式。
e.g.: I began to work. = I began working.
I am beginning to understand/ realize/ see why he acted as he did.我漸漸地明白他那樣做的原因。
4.作定語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)放在修飾詞的后面。
e.g.: He is always the first to get up. He has a lot of work to do.
★如果不定式與所修飾的詞之間含有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)。
e.g.: I have a lot of work to do today. Lili, do you have anything to say now?
★如果不定式與所修飾的詞之間含有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且句子的主語(yǔ)不是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用不定式的被動(dòng)式。
e.g.: I have a lot of work to be done today.我今天有很多工作要（別人）做。
Do you have anything to be taken to your son?
Have you anything to send? 你有東西要寄嗎？
Have you anything to be sent? 你有東西（要我或別人）寄嗎？
★作定語(yǔ)的不定式如果與其前面所修飾的詞有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，同時(shí)動(dòng)詞又為不及物動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞后要加介詞或副詞，使其成為及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。
e.g.: Will you find me a pen to write with? 你能給我找一支鋼筆寫字嗎？ She has no ink to draw in.她沒(méi)有繪畫的墨汁了。
He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about.
★不定式所修飾的詞是time, place, way時(shí)，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上要省去。
e.g.: He had no money and no place to live (in).他沒(méi)有錢，也沒(méi)有住的地方。
We found a way to solve the problem (in).
★○1不定式用來(lái)修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)或no, all, any等限定的中心詞。
e.g.: He was the best man to do the job. She was the first to leave the classroom.
○2用來(lái)修飾抽象名詞，如ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time….
e.g.: Do you have the ability to read and write English?
I have no chance to go sightseeing.
5.作狀語(yǔ)，可表目的，原因，結(jié)果等，要注意它的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。
(1) 作目的狀語(yǔ)，不定式可以單獨(dú)在句首、句中或句末作狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，不定式前可加in order，so as
e.g.: He came here to see you. He stopped his car to have a look at the beautiful scenery.
Bob took down my phone number so as/ in order not to forget it.
★當(dāng)不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)有自己的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者時(shí)，要用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（即在不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)前加for+ 名詞或賓格代詞）做狀語(yǔ)。
e.g.: He opened the door for the children to come in.
○1當(dāng)目的狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)與主句中的主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，可以直接簡(jiǎn)化為不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。
e.g.: We’ll start early in order to/so as to arrive in time. = We’ll start early in order that/ so that we may arrive in time.
○2當(dāng)目的狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)與主句中的主語(yǔ)不相同時(shí)，要用動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)。
e.g.: I came early in order that you might read my report before the meeting.
= I came early for you to read my report before the meeting.我早就來(lái)了，以便你能在會(huì)議之前讀到我的報(bào)告。
★有時(shí)為了目的狀語(yǔ)，可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能這樣用。
e.g.: In order to learn English well, he works hard at it. He got up early so as to catch the first bus.
★動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)還可放在句首，使其所表示的更明確突出。
e.g.: To be a teacher, one must first be a pupil. To defend our country, we must strengthen ourselves.
(2)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)e.g.: He woke up to find he was locked in the room. I’m too tired to stay up later.我太累了不能再熬夜了。
★表示結(jié)果有時(shí)可以用too….to…的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示結(jié)果辦不到。但是如果too后為anxious, eager, willing, ready, hungry…,沒(méi)有否定以為。另外在to前加not也表示肯定。
e.g.: He is too young to go to school. We were too excited to sleep that night.
They were too anxious to leave.他們迫不及待地想離開。He is too hungry to eat anything.他餓得什么都不想吃。
We have too much to learn.我們要學(xué)的太多了。
★不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，經(jīng)常表示繼謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生后的一個(gè)相反的、不太好的或出乎意料的結(jié)果，“沒(méi)想到….，結(jié)果卻….，未料到….”，其前常加just, only等詞修飾，以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。 e.g.: I arrive at the station in a hurry, only to find the train had left.我匆忙地趕到火車站，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開走了。分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，通常表示一個(gè)自然形成的結(jié)果，是前面所述情況的直接結(jié)果。
e.g.: A number of new machines were installed in the factory, thus resulting in an increase in production.
這家工廠安裝了許多新機(jī)器，因而增加了產(chǎn)量。
(3)作原因狀語(yǔ)。在部分表示感情色彩的形容詞、過(guò)去分詞或動(dòng)詞不定式后可接不定式。如: astonished, glad, happy, laugh, pleased, sad, smile, sorry, surprised…..,但是在帶有enough, too的句子里，也常用不定式作狀語(yǔ)，表示程度。
e.g.: We are very glad to hear the news.聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，我們很高興。
I was very surprised to see that a three years old baby could write so well.看到三歲的孩子能寫得如此好，我感到很奇怪。
He was too excited not to say a few words.他太激動(dòng)了，不會(huì)不講幾句話的。
He is old enough to go to school.他到上學(xué)年齡了。
★在部分形容詞后接不定式，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，這種句型中的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的形容詞有：comfortable, easy, dangerous, difficult, expensive, fit, impossible….
e.g.: The question raised by the student is a little difficult to answer.學(xué)生提出的這個(gè)問(wèn)題回答起來(lái)有點(diǎn)難。
The room is really comfortable to live in.這房子住起來(lái)很舒服。
6.獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，可位于句首，句中，句末，常見(jiàn)的短語(yǔ)有： to be exact, to begin with, to be sure(真的)。
e.g.: To tell you the truth, I don’t like your sister. 老實(shí)對(duì)你說(shuō)，我不喜歡你妹妹。
7.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式還可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，此時(shí)有兩種用法：○1有將來(lái)時(shí)的意思，表示動(dòng)作沒(méi)有發(fā)生�！�2表示整個(gè)動(dòng)作已完成。
e.g.: He asked me to go with him. The Party called on us to learn from Comrade LeiFeng.
He advised us to take a good rest.
★ 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后，不定式符號(hào)to需省略。這些動(dòng)詞有see, watch, notice, observe, hear, listen to, have, let, make, feel, help…
e.g.: He let us sit still. I had him go with me.
★不定式在介詞but, except后面時(shí)，如前有行為動(dòng)詞do的任一形式時(shí)，不定式要省to.
e.g.: She could do nothing but cry. I have no choice but to go.
★在advise, allow, permit, recommend后如果有人作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，要接不定式作賓補(bǔ)；如果沒(méi)有人作賓語(yǔ)，那么，就要用V-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)。e.g.: He advised me to apply at once.我建議我立刻申請(qǐng)。
He advised applying at once.他建議立刻申請(qǐng)。
8.作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法同作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法大致相同，只是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)時(shí)，要特別主語(yǔ)此時(shí)不能省略to.
e.g.: He was seen to get to the bus. She was asked to do that work. Tom was made to do heavy work.
四、 動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
進(jìn)行式 to be doing to be being done
(1) 不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作（狀態(tài)）同時(shí)（幾乎同時(shí)）發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。
e.g.: I’m sorry to tell you that you are wrong this time.我很抱歉地告訴你，這次你錯(cuò)了。
(2)如果謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作（情況）發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，這是不定式就要用進(jìn)行式。
e.g.: I’m very glad to be talking with you.跟你談話我很高興。
(3)如果不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，就要用完成式。
e.g.: I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.不好意思，讓你等了這么久。
(4)當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
e.g.: He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.他要求被派到鄉(xiāng)下工作。
(5)在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語(yǔ)的不定式可用被動(dòng)，也可用主動(dòng)，但有時(shí)兩種形式表達(dá)的意思不同。
e.g.: There is nothing to do now.（我們）現(xiàn)在無(wú)事可做。
There is nothing to be done now.（我們）現(xiàn)在什么事情也做不了。
五、 不定式符號(hào)to的省略
○1感官動(dòng)詞feel, see, notice, watch, find, listen to, observe…和使役動(dòng)詞have, make, let等的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)要省to。但如果改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，to要還原。
e.g.: I didn’t hear anyone say anything about it.關(guān)于那件事我沒(méi)聽(tīng)到有人說(shuō)什么。
He make us do it a second time.他讓我沒(méi)把這件事再做一遍。
The boys are often seen to swim in the lake.人們經(jīng)�？吹侥切┠泻⒆釉诤镉斡�。
The workers were made to work 12 hours a day. 這些工人們被迫一天工作12個(gè)小時(shí)。
○2兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)詞不定式由連詞and/ or/than/ but連接時(shí)，從第二個(gè)不定式起，往往省略不定式符號(hào)，但如果強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)比之意時(shí)不省略。
e.g.: The students are taught to read, write and do many other things. It’s more difficult to do than to say.
○3在不定式作表語(yǔ)的句子中，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分喊有動(dòng)詞do，不定式表語(yǔ)是用來(lái)解釋do的精確含義時(shí)，往往可以省略不定式符號(hào)。
e.g.: What I want to do now is lie down and rest. 我現(xiàn)在只想躺下來(lái)休息。
○4在shy/why not引導(dǎo)的表示建議或責(zé)問(wèn)的省略問(wèn)句中。
e.g.: Why quarrel with your mother? Why not join us, Tom?
○5在一些類似情態(tài)動(dòng)詞had better/ would rather/ had best/ rather than/ can’t but/ can’t help but….之后
e.g.: You’d better put on more clothes, or you will catch a bad cold.
She dares to go to the lonely island by herself. I can’t but admire her bravery.
她敢一個(gè)在孤島上生活，我不能不佩服她的勇氣。
○6dare作行為動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其后既可接帶to的不定式，也可接不帶to的不定式。
e.g.: She doesn’t dare (to) answer her teacher’s question. 她不敢回答老師的提問(wèn)。
六、 不定式符號(hào)to后的動(dòng)詞部分的省略
○1一些表示心理活動(dòng)、情感態(tài)度的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)，如expect, want, hope, wish, love, hate, decide, plan, mean, try, would like, be ready, be afraid, be glad…后動(dòng)詞不定式省略to后面的動(dòng)詞部分，但保留to。
e.g.: ----Will you go with me? ----Well, I’d like to.
----Will you go home tomorrow? ---- No. I’m going to listen to a lecture, or at least I am planning to.
○2不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，省略to后的動(dòng)詞部分，即用to代替整個(gè)不定式。
e.g.: They wanted to go outing on Sunday. But their teacher asked them not to.
You’d better finish the job on time if he ordered you to.
○3在一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞ought to, have to, used to, be able to后
e.g.: ----Must I go now? ----No. You don’t have to.
-----Are you planning to see your grandfather? ----No. But I ought to.
○4當(dāng)不定式是由be, have, have been構(gòu)成時(shí)，to后必須保留be, have, have been.
e.g.: ----Are you fond of classic music? ----No, but I use to be.
----Have you told Ann about her failure in the test? ----Yes, but I oughtn’t to have.
○5部分動(dòng)詞常接 “to be + 形容詞、名詞短語(yǔ)”等形式，有時(shí)to be可省略。如believe, consider, discover, find, feel, imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, see, understand….
e.g.: We all believe John (to be) honest.
I consider him (to be) one of the best biology teachers of No.3 Middle School.
★當(dāng)不定式是完成式時(shí)，to不能省略。 e.g.: We consider him to have been foolish.我們認(rèn)為他已經(jīng)傻了。
七、練習(xí)。
1. Robert is said_______ abroad，but l don't know what
country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study
C. to be studying D. to have been studying
[答案] A
2. The purpose of new technologies is to make life
easier，______ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make
C. not making D. don't make
[解析] 根據(jù)句子的含義及結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)判斷，很顯然，考查的是動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)，而此處前后兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式呈對(duì)比關(guān)系，to不能省略。
[答案] B
3. I've worked with children before，so I know
what______ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect
C. to be expecting D. expects
[解析] 從后半句可知考查疑問(wèn)詞+不定式用法。expect的賓語(yǔ)是what。
[答案] B
4. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple，but______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see
[解析] remain to be seen拭目以待，根據(jù)句意應(yīng)選B。
[答案] B
5. It is said in Australia there is more land than the
government knows______ .
A. it what to do with B. what to do with it
C. what to do it with D. to do what with it
[解析] 該題考查疑問(wèn)詞+to do用法。根據(jù)句意what to do with it如何處理它。
[答案] B
6. The mother didn't know______ to blame for the
broken glass as it happened while she was out .
A. who B. when C. how D. why
[解析] 根據(jù)句意“媽媽不知道責(zé)怪誰(shuí)，因?yàn)榇蚱票舆@件事發(fā)生在她不在家的時(shí)候.
[答案] A
即學(xué)即用
1. Last summer I took a course on--.
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made
2. Let Harry play with your toys as well，Clare you must learn to--.
A. support B. care C. spare D. share
3. There are five pairs_____, but I’m at a loss which to buy.
A. to be chosen B. to choose from
C. to choose D. for choosing
4. Paul doesn't have to be made____. He always works hard.
A. 1earn B. to learn C. 1earned D. 1earning
5. We agreed ______ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
6. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him______.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
7. The patient was warned___ only food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
8. I would love______ to the party last night，but l had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
9. Mr. Smith warned her daughter______ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never drive
C. never driving D. never drive
10. --------The light in the office is still on.
--------0h，I forgot______ .
A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
11. Little Jim should love______ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
12. Charles Babbage is generally considered______ is the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing
C. to have invented D. having invented
13. ______ down the radio______ the baby's asleep in the next room.
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn
14. Mother______ us stories when we were young.
A. was used to tell B. is used to telling
C. used to tell D. used to telling
15. She pretended______ me when I passed by.
A. not to see. B. not seeing
C. to not see D. having not seen.
1-15 ADBBC ACBAC ACDCA
1. Is necessary to complete the design before National Day?
A. this B. that C. it D. he
2. The teacher asked us so much noise.
A. don’t make B. not make
C. not making D. not to make
3. To live in hearts we leave behind is .
A. not to die B. to not die C. not dying D. dying not
4. She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role in making the earth a better place to live.
A. to have played B. to play
C. to be played D. to be playing
5. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person .
A. to send B. for sending it
C. to send it to D. for sending it to
6. -The light in the office is still on.
---Oh, I forgot .
A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. having turned it off D. to turn it off
7. I to believe that God could make me enter a university.
A. reject B. require C. insist D. refuse
8. She can’t help the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned
9. Not everybody has the ability in public.
A. of speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak
10. Mary is always the first student to answer the teacher’s questions in class.
A. rising B. to rise C. rose D. risen
11. ----Mum, why do you always ask me to eat an egg every day?
--- enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.
A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting
12. -Would you be so kind us out?
---With pleasure.
A. helping B. in helping C. help D. as to help
13. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier.
it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
14. In Australia he made a lot of friends a very practical knowledge of English.
A. get B. getting C. to get D. got
15. European football is played in 80 countries, it the most popular sports in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
16. Yesterday I went to see him, that he had gone abroad two days before.
A. only to learn B. to learn only
C. only learned D. only learning
17. Paul doesn’t have to be made _ . He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
18. Charles Babbage is generally considered the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing
C. to have invented D. having invented
19. Wet umbrellas are not allowed into this hotel according to the rule.
A. to be taken B. to take C. taken D. taking
20. The patient was warned oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating C. not to eat D. not eating
21. The teacher ordered the classroom at once and the students began to work.
A. to be cleaned B. cleaned C. to clean D. being cleaned
22. We agreed here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
23. ---Does your brother intend to study German?
----Yes, he intends .
A. \ B. to C. so D. that
24. -Let me tell you something about the journalists.
---Don’t you remember me the story yesterday?
A. told B. telling C. to tell D. to have told
25. To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule .
A. to never break B. never to be broken
C. never to have broken D. never to be breaking
CBAB CDDD BCDB CAAB CACA CBB