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08屆高一全國(guó)中學(xué)生英語(yǔ)能力競(jìng)賽語(yǔ)法精講精練-名詞 (人教版高一英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)教學(xué)論文)

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2017-10-23 編輯:互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 手機(jī)版

08屆高一全國(guó)中學(xué)生英語(yǔ)能力競(jìng)賽語(yǔ)法精講精練-名詞

名詞是指人或事物的名稱。學(xué)習(xí)名詞應(yīng)掌握如下一些內(nèi)容:

1.名詞的類別

類別 例詞

專有名詞 Einstein,the Yellow River,China

  可

數(shù)

詞 個(gè)體名詞 father,book,bird,tree,radio

集體名詞 family,class,group,team,army

數(shù)

詞 物質(zhì)名詞 iron,paper,arrow,air,ink

抽象名詞 life,thought,praise,idea

2.名詞類別的轉(zhuǎn)換

名詞的類別不是一成不變的,它們會(huì)根據(jù)詞義的變化和場(chǎng)合的不同而互相轉(zhuǎn)換。如:

School is over at six.六點(diǎn)鐘放學(xué)。(個(gè)體→抽象)

Please lend me your iron.請(qǐng)把你的熨斗借給我。(物質(zhì)→個(gè)體)

He is a youth of twenty.他是個(gè)20歲的年輕人。(抽象→個(gè)體)

“What are you doing there?”asked Father.“你在那兒干什么?”父親問(wèn)道。(個(gè)體→專有)

Please help yourself to some chicken.請(qǐng)吃雞肉。(個(gè)體→物質(zhì))

小練習(xí):

名詞專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練

1.Miss Smith is a friend of_____ .

A.Mary's mother's B.Mary's neighbour

C.Mother's of Mary D.Mary mother's

2._____ turn green in spring.

A.Leaf B.Leafs C.Leave D.Leaves

3.Father went to his doctor for _____ about his heart trouble.

A.a(chǎn)n advice B.a(chǎn)dvice C.a(chǎn)dvices D.the advices

4.He dropped the_____ and broke it.

A.cups of coffee B.coffee's cup C.cup for coffee D.coffee cup

5._____ will make a trip around the world during Christmas.

A.The Evens B.The Evens'C.The Evenses D.The Evenses'

6.To the sea captain's surprise,he found that_____ travel could also be quite pleasant.

A.earth B.land C.ground D.plain

7.We've worked out the plan,and now we must put it into _____ .

A.fact B.practice C.reality D.deed

8.Here's my card.Let's keep in _____ .

A.touch B.relation C.connection D.friendship

9.Is there _____ for one more in the car?

A.seat B.situation C.position D.room

10.There are four _____ in our workshop.

A.Li'sB.Lis'C.LisD.Li'

參考答案:

1-5ADBDC 6-10BBADC

3.名詞數(shù)的變化

(1)可數(shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)之分,前面可以用數(shù)詞,如:a(one)banana,two bananas。不可數(shù)名詞只有一種形式,如rice,前面不用數(shù)詞。

(2)名詞由單數(shù)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式,其拼法分為規(guī)則的和不規(guī)則的兩種。

規(guī)則變化

情況 構(gòu)成法 例詞

一般情況 加-s girl-girls

house -h(huán)ouses

以s,x,ch,sh,z等

結(jié)尾的名詞,但詞尾為

e的詞除外。 加-es bus -buses

box -boxes

branch -branches

brush-brushes

buzz -buzzes(嗡嗡聲)

以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)

尾的名詞 變y為i,再加-es story -stories

city -cities

以“元音字母+y”結(jié)

尾的名詞 加-s boy -boys

day -days

以f,fe結(jié)尾的名詞 變f,fe為v,再加-es life -lives

leaf -leaves

以“輔音字母+o”結(jié)

尾的名詞 一般加-es hero -h(huán)eroes

tomato -tomatoes

以“元音字母+o”結(jié)尾的名詞 只加-s radio -radios

studio -studios

[注意]①外來(lái)詞如radio,piano,photo,zoo及個(gè)別的像stomach(雖以ch結(jié)尾,但發(fā)[k]音),其復(fù)數(shù)形式只在詞尾加-s。

②有少數(shù)以f,fe結(jié)尾的名詞,構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),只在詞尾加s。如:roof,serf,gulf, proof,chief,handkerchief(但也可為handkerchieves)。

不規(guī)則變化

情況 例詞 備注

改變

元音 foot -feet,tooth -teeth

man -men,mouse -mice

woman -women German -Germans

Roman -Romans

 

詞尾

 

變化

  child -children,ox -oxen

單復(fù)數(shù)同形 sheep,means,deer,fish, works(工廠;工事;著作)

Japanese,Chinese 漢語(yǔ)拼音通常是單復(fù)數(shù)同形,如jin,li,yuan等。

只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 trousers,glasses(眼鏡), goods,thanks,clothes,compasses,ashes,remains,people(人們),police 這類詞用來(lái)表示數(shù)量時(shí),需加pair,suit等詞,如a pair of shoes。

一些學(xué)科等名詞 politics,physics,mathematics, maths,news 形式是復(fù)數(shù),但一般作單數(shù)看待。

合成詞分為三種 (1)sister-in-law→sisters-in

law grown-up→grown-ups

(2)woman doctor→women

doctors

man astronaut→men

astronauts

(3)boy friend→boy friends

girl student→girl students (1)有主體名詞時(shí),s加在主體名詞的詞尾上;無(wú)主體名詞時(shí),s加在復(fù)合詞的詞尾上。

(2)由man和woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞,除了后面的名詞要變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)外,man和 woman也要變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。

(3)由boy和girl構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞,只需把后面的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。

[注意]①不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。說(shuō)明其數(shù)量時(shí)要用相應(yīng)的計(jì)量名詞。如a bottle of milk,a piece of wood,a bowl of rice,a sheet of paper等。

②在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)前加定冠詞the,指一家人時(shí),應(yīng)作復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如the Smiths。

③有些名詞在一些短語(yǔ)中,只能用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如make friends with,shake hands with等。

④名詞的所有格:名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系、所屬類別、動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者、動(dòng)作承受者等意義,常需要用所有格形式。

a.表示有生命的東西的名詞所有格

a)單數(shù)名詞加's,如:the monkey's tail。

b)以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞只加-',如:the students'books。

c)不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞要加-'s,如:men's clothing。

d)并列的名詞各均屬所有格時(shí),須在各名詞詞尾逐一加-'s,但如果為兩者共有時(shí),則只須在后一個(gè)名詞詞尾加-'s。如:John's and Mary's mothers湯姆的母親和瑪麗的母親(兩人各自的母親);John and Mary's mother湯姆和瑪麗的母親(兩人共同的母親)。

e)表示某人的家或商店、診所時(shí),名詞所有格后的名詞常省略。如the tailor's,the barber's,at my uncle's等。

f)of+'s所有格修飾前面的名詞時(shí),注意of前面的名詞前一定要有一個(gè)a(an), two,any,some,several,no,few,another或this,these,those等之類的修飾語(yǔ)(這個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)一般不能是one和the)。如a friend of my father's。

b.表示無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,通常都采用“of+n.”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。如 the window of the room;但是today,yesterday,tomorrow作“本義”講時(shí)(即“今天”;“昨天”;“明天”),其所有格通常用“-'s”。如yesterday's newspaper(昨天的報(bào)紙);作“轉(zhuǎn)義”講時(shí)(即“當(dāng)代”;“過(guò)去”;“未來(lái)”),其所有格通常用of結(jié)構(gòu)。如the world of tomorrow(未來(lái)的世界)。

小練習(xí):

11.Hunter kept a lot of_____ ,including two_____ .

A.cattle;cows B.cow;cattle C.cattles;cows D.cows;cattle

12.Now,let's take _____ rest.

A.a(chǎn) few minutes's B.a(chǎn) few minutes'C.few minutes's D.few minutes'

13.They sell both _____ in this new store.

A.man and woman's shoes B.men and women's shoes

C.men and women shoes D.men's and women's shoes

14.-Whose hat is it?-It's _____ hat.

A.somebody else's B.somebody else

C.somebody's else's D.somebody's else

15.If by any chance someone comes to see me,ask them to leave a_____ .

A.message B.letter C.sentence D.notice

參考答案:

11-15ABBAA

責(zé)任編輯:李芳芳