第一部分:短文改錯(cuò)題特征
一. 它與單句改錯(cuò)的不同之處有兩點(diǎn):第一,短文改錯(cuò)是將錯(cuò)誤放在短文之中,這就使考生需要在短文所提供的語境下考慮各句中的錯(cuò)誤。很有可能出現(xiàn)下面的情況,即從一個(gè)句子本身來看,沒有錯(cuò)誤,而從上下文看來,句子中某個(gè)部分是錯(cuò)的。這種錯(cuò)誤往往是上下文連貫性和行文邏輯方面的錯(cuò)誤,如使用連接詞不恰當(dāng),人稱代詞的陽性、陰性錯(cuò)誤等。第二,單句改錯(cuò)題每句中必有一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤,二短文改錯(cuò)中可能有的題中沒有錯(cuò)誤,這樣就增加了答題難度。
短文改錯(cuò)試題主要是檢測考生對語篇的語言的評價(jià)能力。也就是說考生一邊寫文,一邊還要評價(jià)自己:組句是否正確,選詞是否合理,語言形式是否一致,行文細(xì)節(jié)是否嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)鹊取?/p>
短文改錯(cuò)主要特點(diǎn)為:
1. 語言材料取自于學(xué)生的作品;
2. 短文為常見話題或?qū)W生身邊事;
3. 短文難度符合學(xué)生水平;
4. 語言簡單易懂;
5. 沒有生僻的語言現(xiàn)象或繁難的語句結(jié)構(gòu)。
縱觀全國高考試卷,可以看出出題人考慮到短文改錯(cuò)還屬于難度系數(shù)較大的題型,所以在文章的選擇上盡量降低難度,多數(shù)短文好像是一位高中生自己寫的一篇作文,話題比較熟悉,錯(cuò)誤多為學(xué)生在平時(shí)寫作中易犯的錯(cuò)誤。
短文改錯(cuò)考查能力主要為:
1) 識(shí)別錯(cuò)誤并準(zhǔn)確校正錯(cuò)誤的能力;
2)綜合運(yùn)用英語知識(shí)的能力;
3)準(zhǔn)確理解語篇,掌握內(nèi)容及行文邏輯的能力。
例如全國一卷:短文文體為書信,學(xué)生作品,符合考綱要求?疾辄c(diǎn)的設(shè)計(jì)為學(xué)生常見錯(cuò)誤,不僅注意語法或詞的錯(cuò)誤,還注意考查學(xué)生在理解語篇意義的基礎(chǔ)上糾錯(cuò)的能力。
二、短文改錯(cuò)中錯(cuò)誤的基本類型
短文改錯(cuò)中錯(cuò)誤可以分為兩大類型:語法錯(cuò)誤和邏輯錯(cuò)誤。大多數(shù)是語法錯(cuò)誤,少數(shù)是邏輯錯(cuò)誤。語法錯(cuò)誤又分為詞法錯(cuò)誤和句法錯(cuò)誤。句法中的錯(cuò)誤主要注意特殊句型,復(fù)合句以及倒裝句等。
三、短文改錯(cuò)的考查內(nèi)容
錯(cuò)誤包括詞法、句法、語篇結(jié)構(gòu)、行文邏輯等;涉及名詞、冠詞、連詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、非謂語動(dòng)詞等。近年來命題也有新的特點(diǎn):
1. 考查的都是考生平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)中常見的并且易犯的錯(cuò)誤;
2. 加了干擾項(xiàng)的難度,并多次出現(xiàn)負(fù)干擾;
3. 加強(qiáng)了對常見的習(xí)慣用語的考查;
4. 測試層次增多,可涵蓋知識(shí)、領(lǐng)會(huì)、運(yùn)用、分析、綜合及評價(jià)諸方面。
5. 錯(cuò)誤大多出現(xiàn)在句子層面,涉及段落上下文的每年最多只有1-3處(包括時(shí)態(tài)及行文邏輯)。
6.1999年以前句子結(jié)構(gòu)相對簡單,多為簡單句或并列句,近年復(fù)合句有上升趨勢(2000年以來已超過3句)。
7.考查體現(xiàn)學(xué)科特點(diǎn)的語言知識(shí)
體現(xiàn)學(xué)科特點(diǎn)的語言知識(shí)是指英語在交際過程中特有的現(xiàn)象。如動(dòng)詞的各種變化形式、名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化形式、代詞的各種形式、形容詞的各種變化形式等。
(1)名詞:單復(fù)數(shù)用錯(cuò),可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞的混用。
單復(fù)數(shù)互改是高考英語改錯(cuò)題的基本題型之一,改動(dòng)的依據(jù)有:一是根據(jù)名詞前的修飾限定成份;二是根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。
(1)They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question. questions(1996.94)
(2)We study quite a few subject,such as maths,Chinese,English and physics. subjects(1997.91)
(3)We practise three times every week and often watch football match on TV together. matches(1998.88)
(4)She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success,but... schoolmates(2000.77)
(5)...;they want me to devote all my time to my studies so that I'll get good marks in all my subject. subjects(2001.81)
(6)On the way up I was busy taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful. pictures(2002.82)
(2)動(dòng)詞:時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài),常出現(xiàn)在總體時(shí)態(tài)為過去或現(xiàn)在時(shí)中間雜有另一時(shí)態(tài)的現(xiàn)象;或是及物動(dòng)詞后無賓語,或是不及物動(dòng)詞后加了賓語;接從句需要用虛擬語氣的沒有用,需要接ing形式的接了to,或相反等。
1、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)
從過去6年的高考英語改錯(cuò)題來看,每年都有時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤的小題,而且改動(dòng)基本集中在一般過去時(shí)與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)之間。時(shí)態(tài)的更改要以上下文的主體時(shí)態(tài)為依據(jù)。
(1)They offered me coffee and other drinks.We have a good time talking and laughing together. had(1996.92)
(2)Dear Bob,
Hello.I learn about you from my English teacher Miss Fang. learned(1997.86)
(3)My favorite sport is football.I was a member of our school football team. am(1998.86)
(4)I am happy with any programme but the others spent a lot time arguing... was(1999.92)
(5)I remembered her words and calm down. calmed(2000.83)
(6)They did not want me to do any work at home;they want me to devote all my time to my studies so that... do(2001.79)
(7)The time passes quickly.Evening came. passed(2002.82
(3)形容詞副詞:混用。常出現(xiàn)需形容詞的地方用了副詞或相反。關(guān)系副詞where, when, why等的錯(cuò)用,如受“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的影響而多加了不必要的介詞等。
(4)介詞;主要是介詞的多余或缺失,錯(cuò)用。這一部分需要平時(shí)多多積累,弄清常用介詞的固定搭配。
(5)主謂一致性;如第三人稱單數(shù)漏掉s,或主語為復(fù)數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用了單數(shù);再就是就近原則對主語的影響。
(6)冠詞:英語中冠詞只有三個(gè),從高考英語改錯(cuò)題的角度來看,只能從以下幾個(gè)方向出題:1)不定冠詞a和an互改;2)不定冠詞a或an和定冠詞the互改;3)根據(jù)需要增刪冠詞。定冠詞the的多余或缺失,如季節(jié),月份,星期,球類及三餐活動(dòng),稱呼頭銜前等不能加the的地方加了the,或是same等常和the一起使用的詞卻漏稅掉了the; a, an的混用,注意,判斷一個(gè)詞的前面加a還是an不是看其首字母是不是元音字母,而是看首字母的發(fā)音是不是元音,如an hour, an honest boy ,其首字母不是元音字母,但其發(fā)音卻是以元音素開始,故用an,而 a useful book ,a university, a European, a one-hour trip,雖然以元音字母開始,但卻讀作輔音音素的音,故用a
(1)Today I visited the Smiths-my first visit to a American family. an(1996.87)
(2)Each player must obey∧captain,who is the leader of the team. the(1998.94)
(3)Suddenly,I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd. a(注:a為需刪去的詞)(2000.81)
(4)We may be one family and live under a same roof,but... the(2001.82)
(5)As everyone knows,it's∧famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. a(2002.76)
(7)數(shù)詞:主要是序數(shù)詞與基數(shù)詞的混用和錯(cuò)用,如分?jǐn)?shù)的分子大于一時(shí)分母沒有用復(fù)數(shù)等,基數(shù)基數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式如幾百hundreds of,幾千thousands of漏掉了s,或是當(dāng)其前有具體數(shù)字或several時(shí)加了復(fù)數(shù),如seven hundred,寫作seven hundreds.
(8)連詞:如需轉(zhuǎn)折連詞(如but)的時(shí)候用了承接連詞(so),或相反.⑼詞性的混淆; ⑽同義詞辨異;
連詞連接的前后兩部分是否合乎邏輯;并列連詞所連接的前后兩部分結(jié)構(gòu)是否等同。這兩點(diǎn)是解答與連詞及其相關(guān)問題的高考英語改錯(cuò)題的關(guān)鍵所在。
(1)It was very kind of them to meet me at the station and drove me to their home. drive(1996.89)
(2)Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit. gives(1998.90)
(3)She was smiling but nodding at me. and(2000.82)
(4)I remembered her words and clam down. calmed(2000.83)
(5)It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. or(2001.84)
(6)The food was expensive and the service was good. but(2002.80)
(7)As we climbed the mountain,we fed monkeys,visiting temples and told stories. visited(2002.83)
(9)代詞:主要是代詞的格與數(shù)的錯(cuò)用。如男性用了女性代詞,單數(shù)用了復(fù)數(shù)代詞或相反;應(yīng)當(dāng)用形容詞性的物主代詞用了賓格,主格或相反,關(guān)系代詞的錯(cuò)用。如只能用that引導(dǎo)的用了其它,或在不能用that的地方卻用了that,或是在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中漏掉了介詞等。
代詞不僅要與其所指代對象一致,其運(yùn)用還要符合上下文的語氣及邏輯關(guān)系。
(1)The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. their(1996.90)
(2)And they must not break the rules too often if we want to win the game. we(1998.95)
(3)Now someone at home reads instead. everyone/everybody(1999.95)
(4)The day before the speech contest∧English teacher talked to me. my(2000.76)
(5)It was about noon when we arrived at the foot of the mountain.The three of them were very excited. us(2002.79)
(10)常用固定短語用錯(cuò)。
驗(yàn)證答案。改完后,要回過頭來重讀一遍全文,查看改過后是否能使語氣通順,時(shí)態(tài)一致,合乎邏輯。再次通讀可以在初改時(shí)感覺不順的地方集中精力,仔細(xì)推敲,使答案更加準(zhǔn)確。因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)就一個(gè)句子來看可能在兩個(gè)地方修改都說地過去,但在上下文中可能只能在一處修改才正確。
所謂固定結(jié)構(gòu)是指英語中一些不能隨意更改的習(xí)慣表達(dá)。如固定短語中的詞不能冗缺,固定搭配要前后一致等。
(1)It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home. of(1996.88)
(2)I use to play ping -pong a lot in my sparetime,but... used(1997.92)
(3)Some wanted to see the programme while others preferred another. one(1999.91)
(4)...but the others spent a lot∧time arguing and ... of(1999.93)
(5)When I was on the stage the next day,I felt so nervous as I shook like a leaf. that(2000.80)
(6)Suddenly,I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd. a(注:a為需刪去的詞)(2000.81)
(7)Like most of my schoolmates,I have neither brothers nor sisters-in any other words,I am an only child. any(any需為刪去的詞)(2001.77)
(11)句子結(jié)構(gòu)
句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的錯(cuò)誤范圍龐大,解答高考英語改錯(cuò)題主要可以從以下幾方面來思考:1)句子結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整,成份是否冗缺;2)單詞的詞性與其在句中的功能是否相符;3)復(fù)合句中連接主句和從句的關(guān)系詞或引導(dǎo)詞的運(yùn)用是否得當(dāng)?shù)取?
(1)They∧eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.(形容詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語) were(1996.93)
(2)I'd like to∧your penfriend ,and get to know more about your country. be/become(1997.87)
(“I'd like to...”中的“to”為動(dòng)詞不定式的標(biāo)志詞,其后必須加動(dòng)詞原型)
(3)I live in Beijing,where is the capital of China. which(1997.89)
(關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語,應(yīng)該用關(guān)系代詞)
(4)What∧your favourite sport? is(1997.94)
(“主系表”結(jié)構(gòu)中缺少連系動(dòng)詞)
(5)I look forward to hear from you soon. hearing(1997.95)
(此句中“to”為介詞,其后必須加名詞,代詞或動(dòng)名詞等相當(dāng)于名詞的詞)
(6)Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also... Playing(1998.89)
(動(dòng)詞不能作主語)
(7)Also,the sport teaches us the important of obedience(服從). importance(1998.93)
(形容詞“important”不能作動(dòng)詞“teaches”的直接賓語)
(8)I was often a little tired after a day's work and watch TV demands very little effort. watching(1999.88)
(同(6),動(dòng)詞不能作主語)
(9)Unfortunate,there are too many people in my family. Unfortunately(1999.89)
(作為全句的狀語,應(yīng)該用“Unfortunate”的副詞形式)
(10)...but it didn't matter that I would win or not. whether(2000.78)
(由一般疑問句演變而來的主語從句,應(yīng)由whether引導(dǎo))
(11)My parents love me dearly of course and will do all they can∧make sure that I get a good education. to(2001.78)
(此句中“all they can”為“all that they can do”的省略形式,“to make sure that...”為動(dòng)詞不定式短語作目的狀語)
(12)...,but we do not seem to get much time to talk about together. about(2001.83)
(介詞“about”后無賓語,此介詞多余)
(13)It was about noon∧we arrived at the foot of the mountain. when(2002.78)
(復(fù)合句的兩個(gè)分句之間缺少連詞)
(12)贅述
高考英語改錯(cuò)題中的贅述是指在一些固定表達(dá)中或從上下文邏輯來看用了多余的詞,從而使句子表達(dá)不合規(guī)范或造成邏輯上的重復(fù)。(注:帶下劃線的詞為多余的詞,即需刪去的詞)
(1)Today I visited the Smiths-my first time visit to an American family. time(1996.86)
(2)In fact,they are planning to visit China in next year. in(1996.95)
(3)First,let me tell you something more about myself. more(1997.88)
(4)We practise for three times every week and often watch football match on TV together. for(1998.87)
(5)Now I can't watch much television,but a few years ago I was used to watch it every night.much(1999.86)
(6)Whenever I see them I will often think of my English teacher. often(2000.85)
(7)I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. at(2002.85)
(13)易混的詞組
易混淆的詞既包括詞意相同或相近的同義詞、近義詞,也包括外形相似、意義有別的詞組。易混淆詞或詞組的辨析也是高考改錯(cuò)題中不容忽視的部分。
(1)...but now I am interesting in football. interested(1997.93)
(2)We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead∧ourselves. of(1998.92)
(3)Now I can't watch television,but a few years ago I was used to watch it every night. was(注:was為需刪去的詞)(1999.87)
(4)Unfortunately,there are too many people among my family. in(1999.90)
(5)They did not want me to do any work at family;they want me to... home(2001.80)
(6)Do they really understand their daughter?What things are in other homes,I wonder. How(2001.85)
(7)Evening came down. down(注:down為需刪去的詞)(2002.83)
第二部分:短文改錯(cuò)題的解題步驟和技巧
1.初讀全文,了解大意。短文是錯(cuò)誤的載體,不去閱讀全文,了解大意,就無法找出其中的錯(cuò)誤并加以改正,就好比夜間行路,方向不明,道路不熟,亂闖一通,很難到達(dá)自己的目的地。有些考生,考試時(shí)怕時(shí)間不夠,想省去這個(gè)步驟,直接答題,這樣固然可以改出一些錯(cuò)誤,但遺漏較多,有的是正確的反被改錯(cuò)了,造成不應(yīng)有的損失。其實(shí)短文改錯(cuò)題文章較短,而且大多數(shù)文章很容易讀懂,通讀一遍花上1-2分鐘足矣, 確定文章用什么時(shí)態(tài)以及前后使用的人稱代詞。通讀的好處是:讀后心中有數(shù),答題有的放矢。
2.逐句認(rèn)真閱讀并改正其中錯(cuò)誤。這里要特別提醒同學(xué)們答短文改錯(cuò)題時(shí)要逐句認(rèn)真閱讀,而不是逐行認(rèn)真閱讀。某行中是否有錯(cuò),應(yīng)該把該行中各個(gè)部分放在其所屬句子中去考慮。一個(gè)完整的句子,造就了一個(gè)小小的語言環(huán)境,句中各部分之間存在著相互依存,相互制約、相互呼應(yīng)的關(guān)系,只有把握了全句,才能發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的錯(cuò)、漏或多余的錯(cuò)誤。切忌肢解句子,一行一行地找錯(cuò)。急于求成,欲速而不達(dá)。對難句、長句,要從語法的角度對句子成分進(jìn)行分析,分清主句和從句,分析它們中的主、謂、賓、賓補(bǔ)/主補(bǔ)、狀、表等成分。這類句子中的錯(cuò)誤開始時(shí)很難發(fā)現(xiàn),甚至出現(xiàn)意思不清、邏輯不通的毛病,可又不知毛病在能力,經(jīng)過句子成分劃分,了解句子結(jié)構(gòu),理清思路,問題漸漸暴露出來,才能將錯(cuò)誤改正。
(注意細(xì)節(jié))
1.注意聯(lián)系上下文, 改錯(cuò)中每一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤都與上下文息息相關(guān)
2.注意破行句。很多錯(cuò)誤處于此行結(jié)尾和下一行首,它們之間往往存在一定的語法或邏輯聯(lián)系,而考生往往忽略此處。
3.注意是否虛擬。
4.注意是否真理。
5.注意是否時(shí)間、空間變換。
6.發(fā)散性思維,一詞多義,一詞多性,一錯(cuò)多改。
7.先易后難。 一般來說, 行文邏輯比語法錯(cuò)誤更隱蔽, 不會(huì)的要放到最后考慮。
8.對于不會(huì)的題應(yīng)該采取的辦法(左右各給0.5分)
9.注意標(biāo)記的準(zhǔn)確性
10.以句子為單位而不是以行為單位進(jìn)行判斷。
3.復(fù)讀全文,對短文進(jìn)行整體觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)并改正上下文聯(lián)系和行文邏輯方面的錯(cuò)誤。逐句閱讀改錯(cuò)一般只能改出與該句整體格格不入的語法或習(xí)慣用語方面的錯(cuò)誤。復(fù)讀全文就是從全文的大局來看各句在整個(gè)文章中是否還有與全文不符、不妥的東西。這類錯(cuò)誤本文前面已作了分析,不再贅述。經(jīng)過以上三個(gè)步驟,短文中的錯(cuò)誤就可以全部改出,而某行中沒有出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤,就自然在該行后面的橫線上劃“√”。
●短文改錯(cuò)題一般較貼近學(xué)生的生活實(shí)際,以記敘文、說明文為主,重點(diǎn)考察語言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的運(yùn)用。
1.常見類型:
1)必有一個(gè)是對的。
2)多義詞1-2個(gè)。
3)缺詞1個(gè)。
4)其他:①錯(cuò)詞中,名詞1-2個(gè),關(guān)于動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的1個(gè);②非謂語動(dòng)詞1個(gè);③主謂一致;④副詞、形容詞、代詞、介詞、冠詞、連詞。
2.細(xì)節(jié)性注意點(diǎn):
(1)名詞單復(fù)數(shù),是否不可數(shù)名詞,注意前后的修飾詞或結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、第三人稱單數(shù)、非謂語形式、虛擬、邏輯關(guān)系。
(3)介詞、副詞搭配是否得當(dāng)。
(4)形容詞與副詞的形式是否錯(cuò)用、結(jié)構(gòu)是否正確、修飾詞是否恰當(dāng)。
(5)代詞的性、數(shù)、主賓格。
(6)數(shù)詞是否準(zhǔn)確,是基數(shù)詞還是序數(shù)詞。
(7)冠詞。
(8)分清簡單句、復(fù)合句和并列句。
(9)分清是何種復(fù)合句。
(10)句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系。
(11)狀語從句的連詞、時(shí)態(tài)、虛擬語氣。
(12)定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞以及主語與謂語一致關(guān)系。
(13)名詞性從句中的連詞選擇、省略、虛擬。
(14)特殊句型。省略、重復(fù)與替代。
(15)非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)中的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)、一般與完成、邏輯主語、并列與修飾。動(dòng)詞不定式中的省略問題。