科目 英語(yǔ)
年級(jí) 高三
文件 high3 unit11.doc
標(biāo)題 The Merchant of Venice (威尼斯商人)
章節(jié) 第十一單元
關(guān)鍵詞 高三英語(yǔ)第十一單元
內(nèi)容
一、教法建議
【拋磚引玉】
★ 單元背景知識(shí)簡(jiǎn)介
本單元課文 The Merchant of Venice 是根據(jù)英國(guó)作家威廉莎士比亞 （William Shakespeare）的同名作品改編而成�！锻崴股倘恕穼�(xiě)商人安東尼奧為了幫助朋友巴薩尼奧成婚，向高利貸者夏洛克轉(zhuǎn)借現(xiàn)金。夏洛克出于嫉妒，以到期不還可以割安東尼奧身上一磅肉為條件把錢(qián)借給了他。安東尼奧因破產(chǎn)到期無(wú)法償還借款，夏洛克堅(jiān)持照約處罰，巴薩尼奧未婚妻鮑西婭喬裝打扮成律師出庭，終于擊敗夏洛克。《威尼斯商人》是莎士比亞早期的重要作品，大約寫(xiě)于 1596 - 1597 。
安東尼奧是本劇中的肯定形象，他高尚正直、坦白直率，熱心為善、多情尚義、心腸仁慈、重視友誼。當(dāng)夏洛克堅(jiān)持要從他身上割下一磅肉時(shí)，他雖然為朋友遭殺身之禍，卻毫無(wú)怨言，仍以朋友的幸福為重。
鮑西亞是莎士比亞理想中的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)新女性，是作者竭力稱(chēng)頌的人物。她渴望個(gè)人幸福，追求以愛(ài)情為基礎(chǔ)的婚姻；她選擇丈夫的條件不是門(mén)第和財(cái)富，而是個(gè)人的人品相貌和才能。她她通情練達(dá)，有膽有略，淳樸賢淑，而又樂(lè)觀俏皮。在法庭上，面對(duì)強(qiáng)手，她胸有成竹，氣概非凡，有條不紊，欲擒故縱。
夏洛克是一個(gè)拜金注意者，對(duì)金錢(qián)貪得無(wú)厭，冷酷無(wú)情，吝嗇卑鄙。
莎士比亞是歐洲文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期英國(guó)杰出的戲劇家和詩(shī)人，也是世界文學(xué)史上最杰出的作家之一。他的作品是人類(lèi)文化史上的珍品。他的作品Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》，Romeo and Juliet 《羅密歐與朱麗葉》等反映了當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)，表達(dá)了人文主義的社會(huì)政治思想。
★ 大綱規(guī)定的單元日常核心交際用語(yǔ)指南
Good Wishes , Congratulations and Responses
(祝愿、祝賀和應(yīng)答)
★ 跨國(guó)語(yǔ)言必知
西方人喜歡收到禮物時(shí)當(dāng)場(chǎng)打開(kāi)并大加贊賞說(shuō)：Wonderful ！/ Beautiful ！/ Marvelous ！/ What a nice present / How nice a gift ！
當(dāng)別人祝賀你成功時(shí)，一定要用 Thank you 。不能是漢式英語(yǔ)“哪里哪里”。
和大家同慶同歡樂(lè)要回答用 The same to you / You , too .
為人送行用 Have a good trip . / Have a pleasant journey .
★ Idiomatic Sentences 功能套語(yǔ)
1. Congratulations on your success ! 祝賀你的成功 ！
2. You won the first place . I'd like to be the first to congratulate you on it .
3. Many congratulations on your happy birthday ! 祝你生日愉快 ！
4. Please accept my congratulations .請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我向你表示祝賀 ！
5. I hear you are admitted to Beijing University . Congratulations ! 聽(tīng)說(shuō)你被北大錄取，祝賀你 ！
6. A merry Christmas and a happy New Year ! 祝圣誕快樂(lè)、新年愉快 ！
7. Happy Spring Festival ! 祝你春節(jié)愉快 ！
8. I wish you joy ! 祝你快樂(lè) ！
9. I wish you good health .
10. Good luck and success to you !
11. I wish you great success in your work in the future . 祝你在以后的工作中取得更大的成就。
12. I wish you lots of happiness ! 祝你幸福 ！
13. May everything you want come true ! = All the best ! 祝心想事成 ！
14. May New Year bring you all good things . 祝新年萬(wàn)事如意 ！
15. Every good wish for the coming year . 祝新年一切順利 ！
16. Best wishes for Teachers' Day ! 祝教師節(jié)愉快 ！
17. Best season greetings ! 衷心祝節(jié)日愉快 ！
18. Good luck ! = I wish you good luck ! 祝你好運(yùn) ！
19. Congratulations ! 恭喜發(fā)財(cái) ！
20. Happy birthday to you ! 生日快樂(lè) ！
★ Model Dialogues 交際示范
Li Gang：Hello , Sam . Happy Christmas and New Year !
Sam：The same to you .
Li Gang：Wish you every success in the coming year .
Sam：Thank you .
Li Gang：May New Year bring your family happiness and good health .
Sam：Thanks for your best wishes .
Li Gang：What a wonderful snow !
Sam：Yes . In fact , this is the first white Christmas in my life .
【指點(diǎn)迷津】
★ 單元重點(diǎn)新詞透視
1. agreement 契約，協(xié)議；同意；一致；（時(shí)態(tài)的）呼應(yīng)、一致
There is no agreement yet about what to do next .
They came to an agreement with each other . 他們雙方達(dá)成協(xié)議。
〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗由 agreement 構(gòu)成的詞組與搭配
come to an agreement with sb = arrive at an agreement with sb = make an agreement with sb = reach an agreement with sb 與……達(dá)成協(xié)議。in agreement with sth 同意…… 。tear up an agreement with sb = break an agreement with sb 同某人撕毀協(xié)議。
I'm quite in agreement with your decision .
We are all in agreement on that point .
She nodded to show her agreement .
Do you know a trade agreement between China and the USA ? 你知道中美間的一個(gè)貿(mào)易協(xié)定嗎 ？
2. flesh 肉；肉體；
The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak . (諺語(yǔ)) 心有余而力不足。
Lions and tigers are flesh-eating animals . 獅子和老虎是食肉動(dòng)物。
〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗
(1) 辨析 flesh , meat
flesh 是指人體的肉和（果實(shí)的）果肉、（蔬菜的）葉肉。muscle 人體肌肉。meat 是供人們食用的肉，但不包括魚(yú)、禽的肉。 pork 豬肉 , beef 牛肉 , mutton 羊肉 , fish 魚(yú)肉 , duck 鴨肉 , chicken 雞肉 ，等。
(2) 搭配：gain flesh / weight = put on flesh / weight 發(fā)胖，長(zhǎng)肉。lose flesh / weight 變瘦。
漢語(yǔ)中的“血肉之軀”用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)是“flesh and blood ”。
3. desire 作名詞和動(dòng)詞“期望；愿望；要求；渴望”
We all desire happiness . 我們都渴望幸福。
What do you desire me to do ? 你要我做什么 ？
She has a desire to visit Egypt . 她渴望到埃及去觀光。
〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗
(1) desire to do 希望做…… 。desire sb to do 希望某人做…… 。
I desire you to go at once .
(2) desire that …… （從句中 should 型虛擬語(yǔ)氣）
The director desires that you ( should ) visit him next week . = The director desires you to visit him next week .
(3) desire 作名詞后跟同謂語(yǔ)從句。同謂語(yǔ)從句中用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
The people expressed their desire that the war should come to an end soon .
4. according to 根據(jù)…… 。按照…… 。
According to the Tv , it will be fine today . 根據(jù)電視報(bào)道，今天會(huì)是個(gè)晴天。
According to Tom , Jane got married last month .
I will do it according to your instructions .
Our ideas will change according to the change of time .
We will be paid according to the amount of work we do . 我們將按工作量取得報(bào)酬。
〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗according to 不與 opinion , view 等表示觀點(diǎn)的詞連用。如果想表達(dá)“根據(jù)某人的意見(jiàn)或者觀點(diǎn)”時(shí)常用 in one's opinion / view 。
5. pride 自豪，驕傲
This modern library is the great pride of our university . 這個(gè)現(xiàn)代化圖書(shū)館是我們大學(xué)的驕傲。
〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗
(1) take ( a ) pride in sth / sb 以……為驕傲，對(duì)……感到自豪
Each of us takes pride in our socialist construction .
(2) be proud of 對(duì)……自豪，對(duì)……驕傲
We are proud of our great socialist motherland .
(3) feel proud that 對(duì)……自豪
Our football team feels proud that it has won every match this year . 我們的足球隊(duì)對(duì)今年的戰(zhàn)無(wú)不勝極為自豪。
(4) with pride = proudly 自豪地
★ 單元重點(diǎn)詞組掃瞄
Lesson 41 - 42
1. be always ready to do = be always willing to do 總是樂(lè)于干……
I'm always ready to accept your advice . 我隨時(shí)接受你的建議。
2. be in love with sb 與某人相愛(ài)，
They have been in love with one another for years .
3. scold sb for doing sth 因……而責(zé)罵某人
The boss scolded the worker for coming too late .
4. on condition that = only if 只要，只有在……條件下
You can go swimming on condition that you don't go too far from the river bank .
5. make a promise 承諾，答應(yīng)
She made a promise that she would never tell the secret to anyone else . 她答應(yīng)過(guò)，決不把這個(gè)秘密告訴其他人。
6. pay back 償還借款；報(bào)復(fù)
He always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back .
7. think of 想到 (=have the idea of )，與 what 連用表達(dá)“覺(jué)得如何”。
What did you think of this film ? 你覺(jué)得這部電影怎么樣 ？
Then she thought of a clever plan to save her comrades .
8. dress oneself as 打扮成…… ；穿得像……似的
He dressed himself as Father Christmas . 他打扮成圣誕老人。
注意：這個(gè)詞組也相當(dāng)于 dress up as , 如果不用 as 時(shí)，就是“打扮、化裝”。如：
These girls dressed themselves with special . 這些姑娘們細(xì)心地打扮自己。
9. have mercy on = have pity on , show mercy to 憐憫，寬恕。
He showed no mercy to the thief and beat him hard . = He had no mercy on the thief and beat him hard . 他毫不寬恕小偷，狠狠地揍了他一頓。
10. It is useless + ing 干……沒(méi)有用
It is useless repeating the same sentence .
11. pass / give judgement on sb / sth 對(duì) …… 作出判決（或者評(píng)價(jià)）
The court will pass judgement on Smith this afternoon . 法院將在今天下午對(duì)史密斯作出判決。
We find it difficult to pass judgement on these paintings . 我們感到很難評(píng)價(jià)這些畫(huà)。
12. hope for = wish , expect 希望，期望（好的情況出現(xiàn)）
Hope for the best and prepare for the worst . 存最好的希望，作最壞的打算。
Parents have high hopes for their children . 父母對(duì)他們的孩子都抱有很高的希望。
〖測(cè)試要點(diǎn)〗不用 hope sb to do �？梢杂� hope for sth , hope to do , hope that �？梢哉f(shuō) wish sb to do , wish to do , expect to do , expect sb to do 。
13. in one's place 代替；用……而不用
Will you go in my place ? 你能代替我去嗎 ？
注意：take the place of sb 代替某人，take the place of sth 用 …… 而不用…… 。
Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains . 電動(dòng)火車(chē)已經(jīng)取代了蒸汽火車(chē)。
If you can't go to the meeting myself , your secretary will take your place .
14. take one's seat = sit down in one's place 就座
She bought a magazine and took her seat in the train .
15. use one's head a little 稍微動(dòng)動(dòng)腦筋
Use your head a little and you'll work out this problem . 稍微動(dòng)一下腦筋你就會(huì)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
16. have everything ready 做好一切準(zhǔn)備
17. do the deed 付諸行動(dòng)，生效
The agreement will do the deed next month . 協(xié)議下月將要生效。
18. be sad for = feel sorrow at 為 …… 悲痛
Everyone in the area felt / was sad for his death .
19. take … in one's arm (擁) 抱
She took the baby in her arms and left the room .
20. with all one's heart 全心全意地，衷心地
I want to congratulate you with all my heart . 我向你表示衷心的祝賀。
Lesson 43 - 44
1. at the mercy of 在……的支配下，在……的掌握中，任由……的擺布
They were lost at sea and at the mercy of wind and weather . 他們?cè)诤Ｉ嫌鲭y，任憑風(fēng)雨的擺布。
2. go down on one's knees 跪下請(qǐng)求，屈膝
Even if you go down on your knees , I won't forgive you . 即使你跪下求我，我也不會(huì)寬恕你。
3. beg for mercy 求饒，乞求寬恕
He went down on his knees and begged for mercy . 他屈膝求饒。
4. leave … to sb 把 …… 留給；贈(zèng)給 …… ；托給 ……
I'll leave everything to you then . 那我把一切托交給你了。
注意：leave … to … 把……交某人保管。
5. upon / on one's death = after one's death 在某人死后
The woman lived a hard life with her children upon her husband's death . 在她丈夫死后，那婦女與孩子們艱苦度日。
6. take pride in = be proud of 為 …… 自豪 ， 為 …… 驕傲
He took no pride in his own work . 他并不對(duì)自己的工作感到滿(mǎn)意。
7. play a role / part in 扮演 …… 角色 ， 起……作用
Mrs Green always plays the leading part / role . 格林太太總是扮演主角。
An important part was played by the radio in forming my interest in music . 我對(duì)音樂(lè)產(chǎn)生興趣，收音機(jī)起了重要作用。
8. fall in love with sb = begin to be in love with sb 愛(ài)上，喜歡
He fell in love with that girl at the first sight . 他對(duì)那個(gè)女孩一見(jiàn)鐘情。
注意：該詞組是非延續(xù)性詞組，在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中不能與表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：
（錯(cuò)）His daughter has fallen in love with a soldier for two years .
（對(duì)）His daughter has been in love with a soldier for two years .
二、學(xué)海導(dǎo)航
【學(xué)法指要】
★ 單元核心句型剖析
1. (Lesson 41 - 42 ) However , Shylock agreed to lend Antonio the money on one condition . In the agreement , Antonio made a promise to allow Shylock to take a pound of his flesh from whatever part of his body if he did not pay the money back at the end of three months . 然而 ， 夏洛克還是同意借錢(qián)給安東尼奧，但是有一個(gè)條件，在借約中，安東尼奧許諾如果在三個(gè)月欺滿(mǎn)時(shí)償還不了這筆錢(qián)，就允許夏洛克從他身上任何部位割走一磅肉。
〖剖析〗(1) on one condition 作“規(guī)定一個(gè)條件”解。其條件就是下一句的“如果 …… 就 ”。此詞組也可以用 on condition that 來(lái)代替。如：… to lend Antonio the money on condition that Antonio made a promise . 作“只有 …… 條件下”, on condition that = only if “條件是 ……”，“如果 ……”（= if ）， 是從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，但它比 if 更正式。例如：
He was allowed to go swimming on condition that he kept near the other children .
You may borrow the book on condition that you do not lend it to anyone else .
I don't mind lending you my car on condition that you return it to me before tomorrow .
We'll come on condition that John is invited to this party , too .
注意：on no condition 是“絕不要，決不，在任何情況下都不”之意。例如：
You must on no condition tell him what has happened . 你在任何情況下都不可以把發(fā)生的事情告訴他。
當(dāng) on no condition 放置句首時(shí)，主謂進(jìn)行倒裝。
On no condition can he travel alone .
2. ( Lesson 41 - 42 ) It is useless trying to argue with Shylock . 試圖跟夏洛克講道理是沒(méi)有用的。
〖剖析〗(1) 在這個(gè)句型中 it 是形式主語(yǔ)，后面的動(dòng)名詞或者動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)是真正的主語(yǔ)。能以動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的這類(lèi)句子比較少，主要用在以 no point , no use , no good 等作表語(yǔ)的句子中。例如：
It's no use talking without acting . = It's useless talking without acting . 光說(shuō)不干是沒(méi)有用的。
(2) it 作形式主語(yǔ)用在 it's a waste of time + ing 的句子中。例如：
It's just a waste of time talking to him .
(3) 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)還用于 there + be + no use ( good , point ) + ing 句型中，例如：
There's no use talking about it . = It's no use talking about it .
3. (Lesson 41 - 42 ) If you offered me six times what you have just offered , I would still take my pound of flesh . 即使你愿意給我六倍于剛才提出的錢(qián)數(shù)，我仍要我應(yīng)得到的那一磅肉。
〖剖析〗times 在此表示三倍以上的倍數(shù)。用 times 表示“甲是乙的幾倍大（長(zhǎng)、寬、高等）”，“甲比乙大（長(zhǎng)、高、寬等）幾倍”，可以用下列句型：
(1) A is … times the size ( length , height , width ) of B
This street is four times the length of that one . 這條街是那條街的 4 倍長(zhǎng)。（= 這條街比那條街長(zhǎng) 3 倍。）
This river is five times the length of that stream . 這條河有那條小溪五倍長(zhǎng)。
Nigeria is three times the size of that Great Britain . 尼日利亞是英國(guó)面積的三倍大。
(2) A is … times as big ( long , high , wide ) as B
Asia is four times as large as Europe .亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。（= 亞洲比歐洲大三倍。）
That building is three times as high as our house . 這樓房有我們住房的三倍高。
This box is three times as heavy as that one . 這箱子是那箱子的三倍重。
(3) A is … times bigger ( longer , higher ) than B
The meeting-room is three times bigger than our office . 會(huì)議室比我們的辦公室大三倍。
This city is ten times larger than that one . 這個(gè)城市比那個(gè)城市大 10 倍。
(4) 三倍以下通常用 double 或者 twice 來(lái)表達(dá)兩倍。
His weight is double what it was ten years ago . 他的體重是 10 年前的兩倍。
This package is double the weight of that one . 這個(gè)包裹比那個(gè)包裹的重量多一倍。
This railway is twice longer than that one . 這條鐵路比那條長(zhǎng)兩倍。
The room is twice the size of that one . = This room is twice as big as that one .
【妙文賞析】
William Shakespeare was born 400 years ago and spent his childhood in his hometown , Stratford-on-Avon . Little was (1) about his childhood though many stories are (2) , some of which may be (3) . He probably went to Grammar School at Stratford . At 13 he (4) to leave school as his father (5) some loses and because poorer for a time . So William Had to (6) his own living . At the age of 18 he (7) Stratford for London , London was rapidly (8) . All types of people were to be (9) in it . Here Shakespeare (10) travellers , students , and scholars , and his (11) was stirred (激發(fā)) by the stories they told . He soon found some work in a (12) . Before long he became an actor and writer of plays (13) . There were a few theatres in London . One of the most famous of these was (14) the Globe . Shakespeare himself (15) one of the owners of this theatre . Shakespeare's reputation (名聲) as a writer of (16) began to grow . He made (17) of the writing of others and found (18) in the old poets like Choucer . But by his genius (天才) he (19) all these old stories into masterpieces (杰作) of his (20) . Shakespeare wrote no fewer than 27 plays in his lifetime .
1. A . done B . read C . written D . known
2. A . told B . noticed C . published D . noted
3. A . exciting B . true C . wrong D . fair
4. A . agreed B . wished C . had D . ought
5. A . paid B . got C . managed D . suffered
6. A . earn B . plan C . set D . support
7. A . left B . stayed C . reached D . drove to
8. A .developed B . built C . growing D . increasing
9. A . gathered B . collected C . found D . visited
10. A .met B .invited C . respected D . called
11. A . power B . wish C . writing D . imagination
12. A . city B . town C . theatre D . concert
13. A . himself B . called C . too D . again
14. A .around B . called C . known D . made
15. A . became B . asked C . helped D . defeated
16. A . plays B . poems C . novels D . stories
17. A . lots B . use C . good D . more
18. A . habbits B . idioms C . ideas D . theories
19. A . put B . turned C . wrote D . set
20. A . life B . own C . time D . day
〖答案〗1 - 5 DABCD 6 - 10 AACCA 11 - 15 DCABA 16 - 20 ABCBB
【思維體操】
The Longest Menu In The World
A man walked into a restaurant that advertised having the longest menu in the world . The manager was very proud of being able to provide any dish , no matter how unusual .
At the bottom of the menu there was a notice that said , “If you do not see the dish you require on this menu , please tell us and we will add to the menu immediately . ”
One day a man walked in , looked at the menu and decided to make life really difficult for the manager and his chef (廚師) . He would order something that was very unusual .
When the waiter came up to take his order , he said , “You say you can serve any dish , anything at all , even if it's not on your menu , which is the longest menu in the world .”
“That's correct , sir . We have never yet been unable to meet our customers' requirements . ”
“Very well , ”the man said . “In that case , bring me two elephant ears on toast . Indian , not African .”
The waiter wrote down on his pad ( 便箋薄) ：Two Indian elephant ears on toast .
“Very good , sir ,”he said . “That shouldn't take long . ”
He walked quickly away .
The man was very surprised and rather disappointed .
Then he smiled as the writer returned , a very unhappy look on his face .
“Ah ! ”the man said . “You can't bring me elephant ears on toast , can you ? ”
The waiter was very apologetic .
“I'm so sorry , sir , and this is most embarrassing ,”he said , “but I'm afraid we can't . Unfortunately , we've run out of bread . ”
〖導(dǎo)練〗◆ Complete the following paragraph about the story by putting in the missing words in their correct form . 在下列有關(guān)故事的段落中填上所缺的詞，并將它們變成正確的形式。
The manager of a restaurant advertised the longest menu in the world . A customer came in and a elephant ears on toast because he wanted to make life b for the manager and the chef . Unfortunately , they c not provide this dish . They had Indian elephant ears , but they didn't have the bread d make the e !
◆ Study the first paragraph of the story , and then answer these questions . 仔細(xì)閱讀故事的第一段，然后回答下列問(wèn)題：
6 What are the six nouns in the paragraph ?
7 What are the four preparations ?
8. What are the four adjectives ?
9. How many verbs are used ?
10. What is the superlative （最高級(jí)的）adjective ?
答案：1. ordered 2. difficult 3. could 4. to 5. toast 6. man , restaurant , menu , world , manager , dish 7. into , in , of , to 8. longest , proud , able , unusual 9. six 10. longest
三、智能顯示
【心中有數(shù)】
★ 單元語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)排除
◆ 動(dòng)詞不定式“10 注意”
動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式是“to + 動(dòng)詞原形”，有時(shí)可不加 to。下面主要就不定式在使用時(shí)需注意的幾個(gè)方面加以說(shuō)明：
● 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果要說(shuō)明不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的，可在不定式前加 for 引起的短語(yǔ)。但是當(dāng)形容詞是 nice , kind , clever , foolish 等表是主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)時(shí)，用 of 。例如：
It's very important for us to learn English well .
It's very nice of you to do so .
● 可接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞主要有 want , like , wish , prefer , hope , try , start , decide , agree , forget , learn 等。例如：
She wanted to borrow my bike .
They decided to try again .
但有些動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)后須接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，這些詞主要有 finish , enjoy , mind , keep , keep on , feel , like 等。例如：
He can finish drawing a horse in five minutes .
● 有些動(dòng)詞后既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞，但意義有別�，F(xiàn)將常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞辨別如下：
like + 不定式表示具體動(dòng)作，后接動(dòng)名詞表示一般性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例如：
I'd like to play football this afternoon . (指今天下午這一次)
I like playing football . (指我的愛(ài)好)
forget / remember +不定式表示“忘記 / 記住要去做某事”，接動(dòng)名詞表示“忘記 / 記得做過(guò)某事”。例如：
Don't forget to close the door when you leave . 別忘了離開(kāi)時(shí)把門(mén)關(guān)上。
stop +不定式表示“停下正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作進(jìn)行下一個(gè)動(dòng)作”，接動(dòng)名詞表示“停止正在做的動(dòng)作”。例如：
We stopped working at noon . 我們?cè)谥形鐣r(shí)停止工作。
We've worked all the morning . Let's stop to have a rest . 我們干一上午了，停下來(lái)休息一會(huì)兒吧。
● 有些“be + 形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)需用不定式作狀語(yǔ)，這些形容詞主要有 sorry , glad , ready , angry 等。例如：
I'm sorry to hear your mother is ill .
● 介詞后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，不接不定式。例如：
What about going out for a walk ?
● 不定式符號(hào)須省略或不可省略的特例：
在 hear , see , watch , notice , make , let , feel等動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式要省去 to。但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，省去的 to 須補(bǔ)出。help 后動(dòng)詞可加 to 亦可不加。例如：
They made that man work in the morning .
Let me see you play .
hat man was made to work all the morning .
Why not , had better 后不定式須省去 to。
當(dāng)一個(gè)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)被省略時(shí)，to 須保留下來(lái)，以代表被省去的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
- Would you like to go with me ?
- I'd love to .
● 感觀動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞和不定式的區(qū)別：
不定式作賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。用現(xiàn)在分詞則表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行。例如：
I heard him singing when I passed his room just now . 剛才我路過(guò)他房間時(shí)，我聽(tīng)到他在唱歌。
I saw him go into that house . (他已在屋里)
● 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式是在 to 前加 not 。例如：
Tell him not to be late .
● 不定式可以和疑問(wèn)詞 what , which , how , where , when 等連用，這一結(jié)構(gòu)可用來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：
I don't know when we'll leave . =I don't know when to leave .
● 慎用句尾的不定式。
及物的不定式需加賓語(yǔ)。但用于句尾的不定式有時(shí)雖然是及物的，然而后面并不帶賓語(yǔ)。這是由于在句首或句中已有其邏輯賓語(yǔ)，這時(shí)不定式后就不應(yīng)再跟賓語(yǔ)了(帶雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞除外)。若不定式是不及物時(shí)，需加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~或副詞。例如：
The box is too heavy for me to carry . ( carry 后不可再加 it )
He is looking for a house to live in .
◆ 怎樣看待動(dòng)詞不定式的句法作用
動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，同時(shí)也有動(dòng)詞的特征。它在句中可以作：
1. 作主語(yǔ)。有時(shí)用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)放在句首，把不定式短語(yǔ)放在后面。如：
To learn English well is very important .
It's very important to learn English well .
- How long does it take you to get to the airport ?
- It takes me 30 minutes to get to the airport .
2. 作賓語(yǔ)。
Do you want to have a cup of coffee ?
在介詞 but , except 之后常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)。介詞前如果有 to do 的某種形式時(shí)，其后的不定式一般不帶 to 。如：
Last Sunday she did nothing else but do something sewing . 上個(gè)星期天她除了做了點(diǎn)針線(xiàn)活外，別的什么也沒(méi)有做。
在 can not but , cannot choose but , can not help but 這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后的不定式通常也不帶 to 。如：
I cannot help but tell the truth . 我不得不說(shuō)實(shí)話(huà)。
3. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
She asks me to come home as soon as possible .
4. 作表語(yǔ)。
The biggest problem is how to make full use of our time and money .
5. 作狀語(yǔ)。不定式可以作目的、原因、結(jié)果、方式狀語(yǔ)等。
They worked very hard , only to get little money . (結(jié)果狀語(yǔ))
He stood up as if to say something .
only + 不定式表達(dá)未能預(yù)料到的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。而 only + ing 表達(dá)必然的結(jié)果。如：
He hurried home , only to find his house broken into .
6. 作定語(yǔ)。
Xiao Lin is always the first to come to the office .
注意作定語(yǔ)的不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，后面要相應(yīng)的介詞。
Finally they found a comfortable room to live in .
7. 作獨(dú)立成分。to tell the truth 說(shuō)實(shí)話(huà)，to be frank 坦率地說(shuō)，to be sure 可以肯定地說(shuō)。
To tell you the truth (= To tell the truth , Truth to tell you ) , I don't agree with you .
To be sure , some of them will say no .
★ 單元熱點(diǎn)測(cè)試突破
● 如何突破作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的分詞和不定式
NMET 98 試題中有這樣一道單項(xiàng)填空題
European football is played in 80 countries , ____ it the most popular sport in the world .
A . making B . makes C . made D . to make
該題意在考查作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的分詞和不定式的不同用法。分詞和不定式都可以用作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，而且一般都位于主句之后。許多考生對(duì)此區(qū)分不清而誤選答案D�，F(xiàn)就二者的不同用法作一簡(jiǎn)單分析。
一、分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，通常表示一個(gè)自然而然的、意料之中的結(jié)果，是主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的直接結(jié)果。例如：
(1) His parents died , leaving him an orphan . 父母去世了，他成為孤兒。
(2) He ran faster than ever , reaching the school quite out of breath . 他跑得更快了，結(jié)果到學(xué)校時(shí)已上氣不接下氣。
(3) He cut off the electricity quickly , preventing an accident . 他迅速切斷了電源，防止了一起意外事故。
(4) The glass fell to the ground , broken to pieces . 杯子掉在地上，打成了碎片。
二、不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，通常表示繼謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生的一個(gè)相反或出乎意料之外的結(jié)果，常表達(dá)“沒(méi)想到……”、“結(jié)果卻……”、“不料……”等意思。其前常加 only 以強(qiáng)調(diào)這一意外結(jié)果。例如：
(5) I called at her home , only to find the door locked . 我去過(guò)她家，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)其房門(mén)緊鎖著。
(6) He hurried to the station , only to be told the train had gone . 他匆忙趕到車(chē)站，不料被告知火車(chē)已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。
(7) They lifted a rock only to have it drop on their own feet . 他們搬起石頭，結(jié)果卻砸了自己的腳。
(8) It took her nearly half a year to find his address , only to learn that he had passed away ten years before . 她用了近半年的時(shí)間找到了他的地址，結(jié)果卻得知他已在十年前去世了。
從以上的分析可以看出，上述試題中句意為“八十個(gè)國(guó)家都踢歐式足球，結(jié)果使其成為世人最喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)�！边@是一種自然而然的結(jié)果，故正確答案應(yīng)為A。大家可試作下面的一組練習(xí)：
1 . The water of a hot spring (溫泉) carries many dissolved minerals , usually ____ the water an unusual taste and smell .
A . to give B . gives C . to be given D . giving
2 . Mr . Brown returned to his office after a holiday , only ____ broken into .
A . to find it had been B . to find it had C . finding it had been D . finding it was
Key: 1 . D 2 . A
● 不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的主動(dòng)式與被動(dòng)式
動(dòng)詞不定式在英語(yǔ)教材中是比較重要的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象。但在教學(xué)過(guò)程中，發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)是用主動(dòng)式還是用被動(dòng)式，常常沒(méi)有把握�，F(xiàn)歸納如下，以利學(xué)生掌握。
一、在下列情況，不定式用主動(dòng)形式
1 . 不定式所修飾的名詞與不定式有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系(相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句)。例如：
He is not a man to bow before difficulties (= who will bow before difficulties) .
Have you got a key to unlock the door (= which can unlock the door) ?
This is the best book on the subject to appear this year (= that has appeared this year) .
2 . 不定式與它修飾的名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，并且在句子中能找到不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。例如：
I have a lot of exercises to do today . (I 是 to do 的邏輯主語(yǔ))
Do you have anything more to say ? (you 是 to say 的邏輯主語(yǔ))
Mother always gives her little son some toys to play with . (her little son 是 to play with 的邏輯主語(yǔ))
3 . 盡管句子中找不到不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，但不定式隱含“for sb . to do”結(jié)構(gòu)的意思。例如：
This is the best book to read (= for us / you to read) .
It is already time to start spring sowing (= for peasants to start spring sowing) .
This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience (= for us to exchange experience) .
4 . 有些動(dòng)詞，后面常跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)，其同源名詞常用不定式作定語(yǔ)，并且用主動(dòng)形式。例如：
(He attempted to pass the test . ) = He failed in his attempt to pass the test .
(Do you intend to go there ? ） = Have you any intention to go there ?
5 . 有些形容詞，后面常跟不定式，其同源名詞也常和不定式作定語(yǔ)，并用主動(dòng)形式。例如：
(He is determined to overcome the difficulty . )
In his speech he expressed his determination to overcome the difficulty .
(She was anxious to visit the Great Wall of China . )
We could see her anxiety to visit the Great Wall of China .
6 . 在 “with + n . + to + v . ”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式用主動(dòng)形式。例如：
With nothing to do , I sat down watching TV .
He can't go out with all these clothes to wash .
二、在下列情況，不定式用被動(dòng)形式
1 . 當(dāng)句子中有 by 結(jié)構(gòu)，明確了不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。例如：
It was the first such project to be designed by Chinese engineers .
This will be one of the highest buildings to be built by our company this year .
2 . 當(dāng)不定式修飾的名詞是將要做的事情時(shí)。例如：
The question to be discussed at the next meeting will be rather difficult .
三、當(dāng)不定式所修飾的名詞是“There be…”結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式可用主動(dòng)式，也可用被動(dòng)式，意義無(wú)甚區(qū)別
There are many problems to work out / to be worked out .
There is no time to lose / to be lost .
【動(dòng)腦動(dòng)手】
★ 單元好題快遞
1. Charles Babbage is generally considered the first computer .
A. to have invented B. inventing C. to invent D. having invented
2. Paul doesn't have to be made . He always works hard .
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
3. Last summer I took a course on .
A. how to make dress B. how dress be made
C. how to be made dress D. how dress to be made
4. She pretended me when I passed by .
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen
5. Rather than on a crowded bus , he always prefers a bicycle .
A. ride ; ride B. riding ; ride C. ride ; to ride D. to ride ; riding
6. Little Jim should love to the theatre this evening .
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
7. I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report .
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
8. She searched the top of the hill and stopped on a big rock by the side of the path .
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
9. - The light in the office is still on .
- Oh , I forgot .
A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
10. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street , but his mother told him .
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not it
11. The problem at the meeting tomorrow is very serious .
A. being discussed B. to be discussed C. discussed D. discussing
12. The water in this well is unfit .
A. to drink B. to be drunk C. drinking D. to be drunken
13. We mean our best to stop waste from polluting the earth .
A. doing B. to try doing C. to do D. trying to do
14. The chair looks hard , but in fact it is very comfortable to .
A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on
15. - What did he say ?
- This room needed if you wanted to stay in .
A. cleaning B. to clean C. cleaned D. to be cleaning
〖答案與簡(jiǎn)析〗1. 選A。區(qū)分 consider 是作“考慮”跟動(dòng)名詞，還是作“認(rèn)為”后跟不定式。本題作“認(rèn)為”是 consider sb to do 的被動(dòng)式，因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ降膭?dòng)作發(fā)生在目前仍被人們認(rèn)為之前，故用不定式的完成式。2. 選B。使役動(dòng)詞 make 后的不定式做賓補(bǔ)時(shí)不帶 to ， 但是變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)后要加上 to 。3. 選 A。疑問(wèn)詞加不定式作賓語(yǔ)。4. 選A。不定式的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。5. 選C。prefer to do … rather do 的變形體。6. 選A。語(yǔ)境暗示應(yīng)用不定式的被動(dòng)式。7 . 選B。不定式的完成式表達(dá)與過(guò)去相反的結(jié)果。即“本想但未能”。8. 選C。stop to do 停止去干……。 stop doing 停止干……。9. 選C。forget to do 忘記干……。forget doing 忘記干過(guò)了……。10. 選A。不定式的省略。11. 選B。不定式表達(dá)將來(lái)，語(yǔ)境要求用其被動(dòng)式。12. 選A。在 be + adj. + 不定式中，不定式常用主動(dòng)形式代表被動(dòng)形式。13. 選C。mean to do 意思是干……。mean doing 意味著……。14. 選B。15. 選 A。作“需要”的 want , need , require 后面用動(dòng)名詞或者不定式的被動(dòng)式。
【創(chuàng)新園地】
★ 短文改錯(cuò)
Jack London , a great American writer , was very
poor when he began to write . He worked hardly , 1 . ______
it didn't help . Once he promised a New York 2 . ______
magazine to write a story for himself , but he was 3 . ______
busy at the time and couldn't keep on his promise . 4 . ______
The editor wrote to Jack London several times 5 . ______
asked him to send the story . At last he wrote , “Mr 6 . ______
London , if I can't get the letter within 24 hours . I'll 7 . ______
come up to your office and kicking you downstairs , 8 . ______
and I always break my promise . ”Jack London read 9 . ______
the note and answered , “Dear sir , if I can do my 10 . _____
work with my feet like you , I would keep my promise . ”
(請(qǐng)同學(xué)們改好后把答案反饋給我們)
高中英語(yǔ)第 3 冊(cè) Unit 11
The Merchant of Venice (威尼斯商人)
【創(chuàng)新園地】答案
1. hardly → hard 。2. it 前加 but 。3. himself → it 。it 是指紐約的那家雜志。4. 刪去 on 。 keep one's promise “信守諾言”。5. √ 。6. asked → asking 。7. letter → story 。根據(jù)上下文，此處指杰克倫敦答應(yīng)撰寫(xiě)的“文章”。8. kicking → kick 。這里kicking 與上一行中的 come 為并列關(guān)系。9. break → keep 或always →never 。編輯要表白的就是他“最能信守諾言”。10. can → could �！坝媚_寫(xiě)文章”對(duì) Jack London 來(lái)說(shuō)是不可能的，故用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。