【基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)總結(jié)與鞏固】
復(fù)習(xí)中考對(duì)于名詞的考查側(cè)重點(diǎn)
1 可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù) 2 不可數(shù)名詞的量 3 名詞所有格的用法
4名詞的句法作用 5 詞義辨析 6 名詞與主謂一致
考查形式主要有:?jiǎn)雾?xiàng)選擇、完形填空、選詞填空、書面表達(dá)等題型
考點(diǎn)一.單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
1 可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。復(fù)數(shù)形式通常是在單數(shù)形式后加詞尾“-s”構(gòu)成,其主要變法如下:
(1)一般情況在詞尾加-s,例如:book→books,girl→girls,boy→boys,pen -pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。
(2) 以s,x,ch,sh,結(jié)尾的詞加-es,例如:bus→buses,class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,brush→brushes。
(3)以ce, se, ze,(d)ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s,例如:orange-oranges。
(4)以輔音母加y結(jié)尾的詞變“y”為“i”再加-es,例如:city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s,如:boy→boys, day→days。
(5)以o結(jié)尾的詞多數(shù)都加-es。例如:hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,但詞末為兩個(gè)元音字母的詞只加-s。例如:zoo→zoos,radio→radios,還有某些外來詞也只加-s,例如:photo→photos,piano→pianos。
(6) 以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞,多數(shù)變f為v再加-es,例如:knife→knives,leaf→leaves, half→halves。
(7)少數(shù)名詞有不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)形式,例如:man→men,woman→women,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,child→children,mouse→mice。
【注意】與man和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men和-women。例如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞,故復(fù)數(shù)形式為 Germans;man, woman等作定語時(shí),它的單復(fù)數(shù)以其所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定,如:men workers, women teachers。
有個(gè)別名詞單復(fù)數(shù)一樣,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但當(dāng)fish表示不同種類的魚時(shí),可以加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾。
(8)單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people, police等。
(9)數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí),這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式,中間加連字符。例如:ten-minutes’ walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
(10)還有些名詞僅有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors,compasses。
(11)只用作單數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞有:
科學(xué)名詞:physics, mathematics/maths
游戲名稱:bowls
專有名詞:the United States, Niagara Falls
其他名詞:news, falls
2.不可數(shù)名詞“量”的表示方法
在英語中,不可數(shù)名詞如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下兩種方法:
(1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少,例如:
The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
Is there any water in the glass?
I don‘t like winter because there’s too much snow and ice.
(2)用a piece of 這類定語,例如:
a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread
a bottle of orange a glass of water(milk) a cup of tea
a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice
如果要表示“兩杯茶”、“四張紙”這類概念時(shí),在容器后加復(fù)數(shù),例如:
two cups of tea
four pieces of paper
three glasses of water
不可數(shù)名詞也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等來修飾。
考點(diǎn)二 名詞的所有格
名詞所有格,用來表示人或物的所有,以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。
1. 表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加 ‘s,其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s’,例如:a student‘s room, students’ rooms, father‘s shoes。
2. 如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加 ’s,如:Children‘s Day。
3. 在表示時(shí)間、距離、長(zhǎng)度、重量、價(jià)格、世界、國(guó)家等名詞的所有格要用 ’s,例如:a twenty minutes‘ walk,ten miles’ journey,a boat‘s length,two pounds’ weight, ten dollars‘ worth。
4. 無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu),例如:a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。
5. 雙重所有格,例如:a friend of my father’s。
【注意】
如果兩個(gè)名詞并列,并且分別有 ‘s,則表示“分別有”,例如:John’s and Mary‘s rooms(約翰和瑪麗各有一間,共兩間);Tom’s and Mary‘s bikes(兩人各自的自行車)。
兩個(gè)名詞并列,只有一個(gè)’s,則表示“共有”,例如:John and Mary‘s room(約翰和瑪麗共有一間);Tom and Mary’s mother(即Tom與Mary是兄妹)。
【重難點(diǎn)例題啟發(fā)與方法總結(jié)】
1. We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please?
A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe
答案:C
句意:我們需要更多的土豆。你能帶過來一些嗎?
解析:potato 土豆是可數(shù)名詞。因?yàn)橛衧ome修飾所以potato要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。以輔音+o結(jié)尾的名詞后面要+es。所以C. potatoes是正確答案。
2. What big____ the tiger has!
A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes
答案:B
句意:老虎長(zhǎng)著多么大、多么鋒利的牙齒呀!
解析:牙齒tooth的復(fù)數(shù)形式是teeth
3. Please remember to give the horse some tree___.
A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave
答案:B 句意:請(qǐng)記得喂馬一些樹葉。
解析:樹葉leaf是以f結(jié)尾的,所以它的復(fù)數(shù)形式是變f為v,再加es
4.These _________ have saved many children’s lives.
A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor
答案:C。該題考查的是名詞作定語時(shí)的變化。woman 作定語時(shí)要和被修飾的名詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。
5. This is _________ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.
A. Anne and Jane B. Anne’s and Jane’s C. Anne’s and Jane D. Anne and Jane’s
答案:D。該題考查的是并列名詞的所有格。兩人共有一個(gè)房間時(shí),只在后面的名詞后加’s。
【重難點(diǎn)關(guān)聯(lián)練習(xí)鞏固與方法總結(jié)】
直擊中考
1.--- Where have you been, Tim?
--- I’ve been to ______.
A. the Henry house B. the Henry family C. the Henry’s home D. Henry’s
2.In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.
A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner
3.You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ 。
A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once
4.--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?
--- Certainly.
A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters
5.Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.
A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear
6.There is some _______ on the plate.
A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears
7.The are going to fly _______ to Beijing.
A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans
8.What’s your _______ for being late again?
A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news