Ⅰ. 詞匯學(xué)習(xí)
familiar ，be familiar with ，cap， note， can ( n . ) ， hammer ，memory， tin ，marry ，get married ，single ，square， otherwise， perform， wedding， musical ，generation ，learn， by heart ，in praise of， hero ，nowadays， passerby ( 復(fù)數(shù)形式是： passers - by )，pattern， root ，thought ，gay ，ray ，part ( vt . ) ，soul ，iron，ironing ，board， whisper，jazz， folk， instrument， violin ，earn one‘s living ，drum ，carol ，flaming， fade
Ⅱ. 交際英語(yǔ)
1. I think at the beginning we’d rather have …
2. I‘d prefer them not to…
3. I’d rather have … to start .
4. I‘d rather not have …
5. Have you decided … ?
6. I’ve decided to …
Ⅲ. 語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)
- ing形式作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法
1 . 動(dòng)詞的ing形式包括名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞，二者都可作表語(yǔ)。如：
Our job is playing all kinds of music . ( 動(dòng)名詞 )
The music they are playing sounds so exciting . ( 現(xiàn)在分詞 )
注：一般來(lái)講，動(dòng)名詞 ( 短語(yǔ) ) 作表語(yǔ)，主表可互換，即：Playing all kinds of music is our job .
現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)，表明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)和特征，主表不可互換。
2 . - ing形式做定語(yǔ)可以表示1 ) 所修飾名詞的用途。如：
a waiting room ( = a room for waiting ) 候車(chē)室
a walking stick ( = a stick for walking ) 手杖
a sleeping car ( = a car for sleeping ) 臥車(chē)
2 ) 所修飾名詞正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，可以換成定語(yǔ)從句形式。如：
a waiting man ( = a man who is waiting ) 正等待著的男人
a sleeping child ( = a child who is sleeping ) 正睡覺(jué)的孩子
a walking man ( = a man who is walking ) 正散步的男人
3 . 在see , hear , feel , watch , notice等感觀動(dòng)詞后可以用 - ing形式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。這時(shí) - ing形式和句子的賓語(yǔ)之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，并且 - ing形式表示賓語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如：
He saw a girl getting on the tractor . ( = He saw a girl and the girl was getting on the tractor . ) 他看見(jiàn)一個(gè)女孩在往拖拉機(jī)上爬。
Do you hear someone knocking at the door? 有人敲門(mén)你聽(tīng)見(jiàn)了嗎?
Ask the students to use the information from the reading passage to describe what they have learnt about music .
Kinds of music
More details
Folk music
It has been passed down from one generation to another . At first it was never written down . People learned the songs from their families , relatives , neighbours and friends in the same village . These songs were about the country life , the seasons , animals and plants , and about love and sadness in people‘s lives .
African music
It plays an important part in people’s lives , especially for work , and at festivals and weddings , when people dance all night long .
Indian music
It‘s not written down . There is a basic pattern of notes which the musician follows . But a lot of modern music is also written . India also produces films with music , and millions of records are sold every year .
Music in the Caribbean
The slaves who were brought from Africa developed their own kind of music . West Indians make musical instruments out of large oil cans . They hit different parts of the drum with hammers to produce different notes . This type of music has become very famous in Britain and is very good music to dance to .
Jazz
Jazz was born in the USA around 1890 . It came from work songs sung by black people and had its roots in Africa . Jazz started developing in the 1920s in the southern states , Soon it was played by white musicians , too , and reached other parts of the USA .
單元重點(diǎn)詞匯
1 . familiar意為“世所周知，熟悉的；看慣的，聽(tīng)?wèi)T的，耳熟的”，其后通常跟介詞to連用。例如：
a familiar face / voice熟悉的臉 / 聲音
His name is familiar to me , but I haven’t met him .
These tales are familiar to Chinese children .
familiar還可以表示“ ( 某人 ) 熟悉 ( 某事 ) 的，精通……的，通曉……的”，其后通�？梢愿樵~with連用。
例如：
He is more familiar with modern jazz than I .
I am not familiar with the names of plants .
通過(guò)以上例句我們可以看出：
①事物當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，作“為人所熟悉”解，與to連用；但人當(dāng)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，作“熟悉某事物”解時(shí)，則與with連用。又如：
Alpine plants are familiar to him . ( = He is familiar with alpine plants . )
②人當(dāng)主語(yǔ)而與with連用時(shí)，with之后若接事物的話就是“熟悉”之意，若接人的話就變成了“親密”之意，但這個(gè)“親密”往往很容易變成“親昵、放肆”。
2 . marry用作動(dòng)詞，意為“結(jié)婚；嫁，娶，與……結(jié)婚”，其名詞形式為marriage , 形容詞形式為married。例如：He married a classmate from high school .
Kate married a Frenchman last year .
He married his daughter to a doctor .
Mr Smith married Miss Kate five years ago .
另外，短語(yǔ)be married ( to ) 意為“與……結(jié)婚，嫁給”；get marred ( to ) 意為“與……結(jié)婚，嫁給……”；marry sb . to意為“把……嫁給……”。例如：
The old couple have already been married for fifty years .
She has got married to a man from her hometown .
They married their youngest daughter to a man with a lot of money .
3 . perform用作動(dòng)詞，意為“執(zhí)行，完成，做；演出，表演”。例如：
They computer performs these calculations with surprising speed .
The surgeon was performed a dangerous operation .
The singer had never performed in Beijing before .
He will be performing on the flute tonight .
4 . praise可用作及物動(dòng)詞，意為“贊揚(yáng)，表?yè)P(yáng)”，例如：
He was praised for his good works .
They praised him for risking his life to save his comrade .
He was praised for finishing his work ahead of time .
praise還可以用作名詞，意為“贊揚(yáng)；贊揚(yáng)的話 ( 用復(fù)數(shù) ) ”。例如：
My books received high praise from general readers .
The teacher‘s praise had greatly encouraged us .
The praise of mine usually made the students feel very happy .
5 . nowadays用作副詞，表示與以前相比，意為“時(shí)下；現(xiàn)今”，常與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞連用。例如：
Nowadays a lot of people go abroad .
Nowadays young people prefer watching TV to reading books .
They used to read novels , but nowadays they read newspapers .
單元詞組運(yùn)用
1 . in praise of意為“稱(chēng)贊，贊揚(yáng) ( = to praise ) ”。例如：
He made a report in praise of country life .
We all spoke in praise of the boy’s courage and bravery .
2 . learn … by heart意為“記住；背誦”。例如：
I have learned the reading materials by heart .
Have you learned by heart the main points of the article?
It‘s very difficult for the children to learn the poem by heart .
3 . earn one’s living意為“謀生；掙錢(qián)”。例如：
He had to earn his living at the his early age .
The fishermen earned their living by fishing .
Some people earn their living by writing stories .
4 . play the guitar / piano / violin / flute , 英語(yǔ)中表示樂(lè)器的名詞前通常要用定冠詞。
I used to play the flute after school , but I usually operate the computer at present .
She couldn‘t learn to play the piano quite well without a teacher .
Which can you play better , the guitar or the flute?
The lady often enjoyed herself by playing the violin after supper
單元難點(diǎn)疑點(diǎn)
1 . I’d prefer them not to play too loudly at the beginning . 我寧愿讓他們開(kāi)始時(shí)別那么大聲演奏。
prefer寧愿……，喜歡…… ( 甚于喜歡 )
prefer sb . to do sth . 寧可 ( 某人 ) 做某事 ( 不定式作賓補(bǔ) )
They preferred their son to go to college .
They preferred her not to go with them .
prefer sth . / doing to sth . / doing喜歡……而不喜歡
prefer tea to coffee .
I prefer reading novels to watching TV .
prefer to do… rather than do … 寧愿…而不愿…
I prefer to go to the movies rather than stay home .
= I prefer going to the movies to staying home .
= I would rather go to the movies than stay home .
2 . Otherwise we won‘t be able to hear ourselves talk . 否則我們就聽(tīng)不到自己講話的聲音了。
( 1 ) otherwise ( corj ) 否則，不然， = or = or else .
Hurry up , otherwise you’ll be late .
Don‘t move , otherwise I’ll shoot you .
( 2 ) hear sb . do sth . 聽(tīng)某人做某事
不定式作賓補(bǔ)省to的動(dòng)詞可按下面順口溜記憶。
五看，三使役，二聽(tīng)，一感，半幫助，不定式作賓補(bǔ)，to字要?jiǎng)h去，主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)，賓補(bǔ)變主補(bǔ)，to字要恢復(fù)。五看：see , watch , notice , look at , observe ; 三使役：have , let , make ; 二聽(tīng)：hear , listen to ; 一感覺(jué)：feel ; 半幫助：help
I saw Xiao Li enter the room just now . →Xiao Li was seen to enter the room just now .
help my mother ( to ) do some housework . →My mother is helped to do some housework .
3. Folk music has been passed down from one generation to another .
In this way stories were passed on from one person to another .
pass down / on傳下去，傳授，傳給
The news was passed on / down by word of mouth .
The teachers pass on their knowledge to the students .
pass by經(jīng)歷pass over不重視pass through經(jīng)歷、穿過(guò)等
4. On festivals they used to act and sing in praise of heroes who lived long ago .
It plays an important part in people‘s lives , especially for work , and at festivals and weddings…它在人們的生活中起著重要的作用，特別是為了勞動(dòng)，以及在節(jié)日和婚禮上…
on festivals at festivals在節(jié)日。如果指節(jié)日當(dāng)天，應(yīng)用on 。 on Christmas Day圣誕節(jié)那天on Christmas Eve圣誕節(jié)前夕on New Year’s Day元旦那天on Children‘s Day在兒童節(jié)那天。但如果把節(jié)日視作一個(gè)時(shí)節(jié)，指節(jié)日的整個(gè)時(shí)期，則應(yīng)用at。 at Christmas在圣誕節(jié)期間at New Year新年期間。
in praise of意為“贊揚(yáng)”
The leader spoke in praise of the man who had given his life for the cause . 領(lǐng)袖稱(chēng)贊那位為事業(yè)而捐軀的人。
介詞in + n . + of常見(jiàn)短語(yǔ)
in front of在……前面in spite of盡管，雖然in charge of負(fù)責(zé)in favour of支持……，贊成…… in face of面對(duì)……，在……面前in search of尋找
5. India produces more films than any other country in the world . 印度攝制的影片比世界上任何其它國(guó)家都多。
= India produces the most films in the world .
※用比較級(jí)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意義。
Xiao Li is taller than any other student in our class .
= Xiao Li is the tallest student in our class . 小李比我們班其它同學(xué)都高。
( other后的名詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式 ) 。
比較級(jí)應(yīng)注意避免和包括自身的對(duì)象比。
比較級(jí) + than + any other + 單數(shù)名詞
比較級(jí) + than + all the other + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞
比較級(jí) + than + anyone else
Mary is taller than any other student in the class .
Mary is taller than any other girl in the class .
Mary is taller than anyone else in the class .
Mary is taller than all the boys in the class .
在一般情況下，漢英詞序基本是一致的，但是，由于兩種語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同和東西方文化的差異，在漢英翻譯中往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)詞序錯(cuò)位的現(xiàn)象。請(qǐng)你對(duì)英語(yǔ)思考后，譯成恰當(dāng)?shù)臐h語(yǔ)。
1. food and clothing 2. track and field 3. northwest 4. young and old 5. sooner or later 6. land and water 7. you and I 8. back and forth 9. heavy and light 10. old and new 11. right and left 12. heat and cold 13. fire and water 14. rain or shine 15. rich and poor 16. eat and drink 17. long and thin 18. sweat and blood 19. back and belly 20. bed and board 21. flesh and blood 22. joy and sorrow 23. iron and steel 24. water and mountain 25. short and long 26. arms and hands 27. life and death 28. baby boy 29. ourselves and the enemy 30. hard and soft 31. chemistry and physics 32. loss and gain 33. month and year 34. East China 35. here and now 36. bride and bridegroom 37. art and science 38. north , south , east and west 39. twos and threes 40. small and medium sizes
答案：1、衣食2、田徑3、西北4、老少5、遲早6、水陸7、我你8、前后9、輕重10、新舊11、左右12、冷熱13、水火14、晴雨15、貧富16、飲食17、細(xì)長(zhǎng)18、血汗19、腹背20、膳宿21、血肉22、悲歡23、鋼鐵24、山水25、長(zhǎng)短26. 手臂27、死活28、男嬰29、敵我30、軟硬31、理化32、增損33、年月34、華東35、此時(shí)此地36、新郎新娘37、科學(xué)藝術(shù)38、東南西北39、三三兩兩40、中小型
單元語(yǔ)法
非謂語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
動(dòng)名詞、分詞和不定式都能作定語(yǔ)，它們?cè)谟梅ㄉ蠀^(qū)別如下：
※ 動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)只表示被修飾詞的用途，不定式作定語(yǔ)通常表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作或含情態(tài)意味，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或無(wú)時(shí)間性的行為。
This is a sleeping car . (動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)表示用途，它可轉(zhuǎn)換為：This is a car for sleeping . )
A sleeping child is in the room . (現(xiàn)在分詞的主動(dòng)形式作定語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，它可轉(zhuǎn)換成：A child who is sleeping is in the room . )
The bike being repaired now is mine . (現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，它可轉(zhuǎn)換成：The bike which is being repaired now is mine . )
I‘m not sure which is the road leading to the hospital . (現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)不表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作而表示存在的狀態(tài)，它可轉(zhuǎn)換成：I’m not sure which is the road that leads to the hospital . )
The fallen leaves . (過(guò)去分詞表示一個(gè)完成的動(dòng)作，The leaves that have fallen . )
I have two letters to write . (不定式表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作)
※ 不定式作定語(yǔ)，一般只能放在被修飾詞之后，分詞作定語(yǔ)即可放在被修飾詞之前，也可以放在被修飾詞之后；通常單個(gè)的詞放前，短語(yǔ)放在后，現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式放后。例如：
I have a friend living in London . (短語(yǔ))
China belongs to the developing country . (單個(gè)的詞)
The building being built now is a hospital . (現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式)
The man dressed in a new suit is our manager . (短語(yǔ))
Only by practice will you be able to improve your spoken English . (單個(gè)的詞)
Mary needs a dictionary to refer to . (不定式)
※ 分詞所修飾的名詞就是該分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。若被修飾的名詞與分詞之間存在著邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，即被修飾的名詞是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，則用現(xiàn)在分詞，若是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，即被修飾的名詞是動(dòng)作的承受者，可用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式或過(guò)去分詞。它們倆主要從時(shí)間上區(qū)別，現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；過(guò)去分詞表示完成的動(dòng)作或無(wú)時(shí)間性，只表被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例如：
There is a river running around our school . (主動(dòng)關(guān)系)
The watch being repaired now is hers . (被動(dòng)關(guān)系，正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作)
He is an English teacher liked by all his students . (表被動(dòng)關(guān)系)
Japan is a developed country . (表完成，表被動(dòng))
※ 心理反應(yīng)狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如：excite , fright , move , tire , interest , puzzle , disappoint等，同現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，表示“令人……”，被修飾的詞通常是物，用過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，被修飾的詞通常是人。例如：
What disappointing news it is!
Don‘t make fun of the frightened child .
注意：puzzling expression “令人迷惑的表情”；puzzled expression (本身)迷惑的表情。
※ 下列情況下常用不定式作定語(yǔ)。
1 . 在被修飾的詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞以及the last , the only , the next等后作定語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，只能用不定式作定語(yǔ)。例如：
He is always the first to come .
The next man to come was Tom .
This is the largest ship to be serving as a seaside hotel in our country .
2 . have +賓語(yǔ)的句型中，常用不定式作定語(yǔ)。例如：
I have a lot of questions to ask .
He has nothing to worry about .
3 . 在way , pleasure , chance , plan等名詞后常用不定式或of +動(dòng)名詞，但在ability , failure , promise后只能用不定式。例如：
I had no chance to speak (或of speaking) to him .
His failure to pass the exam surprised us .
4 . 表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作。例如：
He has two letters to write .
5 . 與被修飾的詞有同位、動(dòng)狀關(guān)系的通常只能用不定式作定語(yǔ)。例如：
I have the ability to speak a foreign language . (同位關(guān)系)
I’m not sure which restaurant to eat at .
A good place to eat at is the Peace Restaurant .
典型“語(yǔ)義重復(fù)現(xiàn)象”錯(cuò)誤例析
1 . 湯姆吃完早飯急急忙忙去上學(xué)。
[誤]After breakfast Tom was hurrying to go to school .
[正]After breakfast Tom was hurrying to school .
[析]hurry(=move quickly)本身含有“走”之意，后面不可再接go, walk , run之類(lèi)的動(dòng)詞，但可接動(dòng)詞不定式或名詞。 例如：We have to hurry away to catch the bus . She hurried to the station .
2 . 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)全心全意為人民服務(wù)。
[誤]We should serve for the people heart and soul .
[正]We should serve the people heart and soul .
[正]We should work for the people heart and soul .
[析]serve本身有“work for（為……服務(wù)）”之意。作及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí)， 后面不可再接介詞for。
3 . 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束以后，她成了一名教師。
[誤]After the end of the war, she became a teacher .
[正]After the war, she became a teacher .
[析]句中after是介詞，有“在……以后”的意思；end是名詞，意思是“結(jié)束”，用了after，就不可再用end。
4 . 只要校長(zhǎng)一回來(lái)，我就立刻告訴你。
[誤]As soon as the president returns, I will let you know at once .
[正]As soon as the president returns, I will let you know .
[析]as soon as有“立刻”之意，從句中用了as soon as，主句中就不能再用at once, immediately, right away, right now之類(lèi)的詞了。
5 . 這是一部極好的詞典。
[誤]This is a very excellent dictionary .
[正]This is an excellent dictionary .
[析]excellent, wonderful等詞含有“極好的(extremely good)”之意，不能用very修飾。再如：This is a wonderful film .
6 . 大家都非常喜歡這個(gè)小男孩。
[誤]Everyone all likes the little boy very much .
[正]Everyone likes the little boy very much .
[析]everyone有“每個(gè)人，大家”的意思，用了everyone或everybody， 不就必再用all了。
7．這男孩名叫楊洋。
[誤]The name of the boy is called Yang yang .
[正]The name of the boy is Yang yang .
[析]name與be called不能同時(shí)使用，因?yàn)閚ame與be called在語(yǔ)義上是重復(fù)的。我們通常說(shuō)：My name is Li Biao . 但不能說(shuō)：My name is called Li Biao .
8 . 踢足球是我最喜愛(ài)的運(yùn)動(dòng)。
[誤]Playing football is my most favourite sport .
[正]Playing football is my favourite sport .
[析]favourite本身有“最喜愛(ài)(like best)”之意，前面不必再用most修飾了。如：My favourite hobby is collecting stamps .
9 . 如果你知道這個(gè)答案，就舉手。
[誤]Raise your hand up if you know the answer .
[正]Raise your hand if you know the answer .
[正]Put your hand if you know the answer .
[析]raise有“舉起”之意，后面不必再加up，它與put up同義。
10 . 請(qǐng)把這個(gè)句子再重復(fù)一遍。
[誤]Please repeat the sentence again .
[正]Please repeat the sentence .
[正]Please say the sentence again .
[析]repeat本身有“say or do sth . again”之意，用了repeat，就不必再用again了，但可說(shuō)：Say it again .
11 . 你們應(yīng)當(dāng)把試卷保管好。
[誤]You should take good care of your papers carefully .
[正]You should take good care of your papers .
[析] take good care of有“認(rèn)真保管好”之意， 后面不要再用副詞carefully .
12 . 你喜歡喝茶還是喜歡咖啡？
[誤]Which do you prefer more, tea or coffee?
[正]Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?
[正]Which do you like better, tea or coffee?
[析]prefer本身有“較喜歡(like better)”之意，如果句中用了prefer， 一般不再用more了。