it在英語語法中屬人稱代詞,意思是“它”,用來指人以外的一切生物和事物。就這么簡單嗎?不!不僅不簡單,而且很復(fù)雜。下面就初中英語課本中有關(guān)it的用法作一下梳理,以饗讀者朋友。
核心知識
一、用于指人以外的一切生物、無生命的東西和事情。
一般指說話者心目中已經(jīng)了解或所指的生物、無生命的東西或事情、沒有性別的區(qū)分;可以是可數(shù)名詞,也可以是不可數(shù)名詞,在句子中既可作主語,也可以作賓語。
1.指動物和植物。如:
-Oh,that's Lucy's hat.噢,那是露茜的帽子。
-It looks like a cat!它看上去像只貓!
Where's tea grown?It's grown in the southeast of China.
什么地方種植茶?中國東南部種植茶。
2.指代一些無生命的東西。如:
Is it your watch?這是你的手表嗎?
Look at the rain!It's heavy,isn't it?看這雨!雨很大,對嗎?
3.代替上文提到過的整個(gè)事情。如:
Well,you mustn't play on the road.It's dangerous.哦,你不能在公路上玩。這太危險(xiǎn)了!
It was hard work,but they really enjoyed it.摘蘋果是艱苦活,可他們都樂意去干(它)。
二、用于指代人。
1.指代說話者心目中不太清楚的那個(gè)人,常在打電話或敲門時(shí)用。如:
-Who was it?是誰(打來的電話)?
-Was it Susan?(打電話的)是蘇珊嗎?
-Yes,it was.是的,我是。(根據(jù)上下句,“it was”也可不譯出來。)
再如:-Who is knocking at the door?誰在敲門?
-It's me.是我。
2.指說話者心目中的那個(gè)人。如:
-Is it your sister,Kate?(那舊照片上的 baby)是你姐姐凱特吧?
-No!不是。
-Is it your brother?是你哥哥吧?
-No!不是。
-I know-it's you!我知道了,(那)是你。
3.指代性別不詳?shù)膵胗變夯蛟诓挥?jì)較性別時(shí),也可用it來指人。如:
The child smiled when it saw its mother.這小孩一見到母親就笑了。
I don't know who it is.我不知道他是誰。
注意:看到這樣的句子(或聽到這樣的話)時(shí),要想一想,不要一看到it就把它譯成“它”。)
4.在回答用指示代詞表示人的特殊問句時(shí),常用it指人。如:
-Who's that?那人是誰?
-Is it Kate?是凱特嗎?
-Yes,I think you're right.It's Kate.是的,我想你說對了,是凱特。
三、用于指時(shí)間、距離和自然現(xiàn)象等。
1.表示時(shí)間。如:
-What time is it?幾點(diǎn)鐘?
-It's ten.十點(diǎn)鐘。
It's summer in Australia now.現(xiàn)在澳大利亞是夏天。
特別注意it用于表示時(shí)間時(shí)還常見于以下兩個(gè)句型中:
(1)It's time(for sb.)to do sth./It's time for sth.譯為“是(某人)該干……的時(shí)間了”、“到……的時(shí)候了”。如:
It's time for supper/to have supper.是吃晚飯的時(shí)候了。
I think it's time for us to start the lesson now.我想現(xiàn)在是我們開始上課的時(shí)候了。
(2)It is /has been +時(shí)間段+since +一般過去時(shí)。譯為“自從……以來已過了……(時(shí)間)”。此結(jié)構(gòu)可以與另一種句型進(jìn)行同義句轉(zhuǎn)換。如:
It has been two weeks since we met last.= Two weeks has passed since we met last.自從我們上次相遇以來,兩個(gè)星期過去了。
It's three years since he came here.=It has been three years since he came here.=He has been here for three years.他到這里已經(jīng)三年了。
2.表示距離。如:
It's half an hour's walk from my home to the school.從我家到學(xué)校步行得花半小時(shí)時(shí)間。
-Where's the farm,Li Lei?Is it far?李雷,農(nóng)場在哪里?遠(yuǎn)嗎?
-No,it's quite near.不,(距)離這很近。
3.表示自然現(xiàn)象。如:
Sometimes it snows and the land is all white.有時(shí)下雪,大地一片白。
It is very quiet here at the moment.眼下這兒很安靜。
四、用作形式主語。
英語中常常見到某個(gè)句子以it開頭,it與其后面的動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語、名詞性從句等相呼應(yīng),以表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意義。這是一種習(xí)慣表達(dá)法,這樣的句式可避免句子顯得頭重腳輕。
1.It+is/was+形容詞+(for/of sb.)+動詞不定式短語。對于這個(gè)句型中究竟用 for還是用of,一般遵循這樣的規(guī)則:如果形容詞僅僅是描述事物的形容詞,如:difficult, easy,hard,important,dangerous等用for;如果形容詞是描述不定式行為者的性格、品質(zhì)的,如:kind,good,nice,clever等則用of。如:
It is interesting to play with snow in winter.冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。
It's important for us to keep the water clean.保持水質(zhì)清潔對我們來說是很重要的。
It's very kind of you to say so.你這樣說真是太好了。
注意:這一句式中的形容詞位置也可換用名詞;連系動詞be也可換用其它連系動詞,如feel等。如:
It's a good habit to get up early and go to bed early.早睡早起是好習(xí)慣。
It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship.乘宇宙飛船飛往月球一定很有趣。
It feels strange to have a twin sister.有個(gè)孿生姐妹感覺很奇怪。
2.It +will be/is /was +形容詞+動名詞短語。如:
It's bad playing in the street.在街上玩是沒好處的。
Is it any good trying again?再試一次有用嗎?
3.It+is/was+形容詞+從句。如:
It is certain that he will come.他一定會來。
It's true that he may fall behind the other students.他真的可能落后于其他同學(xué)。
It is strange that he should say so.他居然這么說,真是奇怪。
4.It +is /was +one's turn(duty,pleasure) +to do sth.意為“該輪到某人做某事(做某事是某人的責(zé)任、愉悅的事)”。如:
It's your turn to be on duty tomorrow.明天輪到你值日了。
5.It takes(sb.)some time to do sth.意為“(某人)花……時(shí)間做某事”。如:
It took me a week to finish reading the book.我花了一周時(shí)間看完這本書。
6.It +cost/costs +sb.+some money +to do sth.譯為“某人花多少錢做某事”。如:
It cost me 260 yuan to buy the new watch.我買這塊新手表花了260元。
7.It seems /seemed +從句。譯為“看起來好像……”,此結(jié)構(gòu)可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“seem +動詞不定式”形式。如:
It seems that he is ill.=He seems to be ill.看起來他好像病了。
五、用作形式賓語。
當(dāng)句子的真正賓語是動詞不定式、動名詞或從句時(shí),為避免句子頭重腳輕,須將其放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后,改用先行詞it占據(jù)其原來的位置。it用作形式賓語的句型為:主語+謂語+it+賓語補(bǔ)足語+動詞不定式/動名詞/從句。該句型中賓語補(bǔ)足語可由形容詞、名詞等充當(dāng)。如:
He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well.他發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好一門外語是不容易的。
We think it no good reading in bed.我們認(rèn)為躺在床上看書無益處。
I think it necessary that we have the meeting.我認(rèn)為開這個(gè)會是必要的。
典型例題
跟蹤訓(xùn)練:
同義句轉(zhuǎn)換,每空一詞。
1.It's time for class.
It's time _____ _____ _____ .
2.We spent twenty minutes cleaning the room yesterday.('02哈爾濱市)
It _____ _____ twenty minutes _____ _____ the room yesterday.
3.She seems to be worried now.('02南京市)
_____ _____ that she _____ worried now.
4.It's a long time since we met last.('02南京市)
We haven't seen each other _____ _____ .
Key:
1.to have classes 2.took us;to clean 3.It seems;is 4.for long