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初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法共有16種時(shí)態(tài)，那么大家對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法時(shí)態(tài)的知識(shí)了解多少呢？以下是小編為大家整理的初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)相關(guān)內(nèi)容，僅供參考，希望能夠幫助大家。
一、一般時(shí)態(tài)
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示沒有時(shí)限的持久存在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)階段反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和副詞usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week等連用。例如：
1)The moon moves round the earth..
2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment以及if，unless等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些表示起始的動(dòng)詞，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這類動(dòng)詞有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave等。例如：
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as等引導(dǎo)的從句中，也常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)
(1)表示過(guò)去某一特定時(shí)間所發(fā)生的、可完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與表示確切過(guò)去時(shí)間的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句連用。例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例如：
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意與be used to doing短語(yǔ)的區(qū)別)
3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)
1)表示將來(lái)打算進(jìn)行或期待發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如：
I shall graduate next year.
2)幾種替代形式：
1)be going to +v在口語(yǔ)中廣泛使用，表示準(zhǔn)備做或?qū)l(fā)生的事情。例如：
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示計(jì)劃安排要做的事，具有“必要”的強(qiáng)制性意義。例如：
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即將發(fā)生的事情。例如：
He was about to start.
4)be due to +v表示預(yù)先確定了的事，必定發(fā)生的事。例如：
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing強(qiáng)調(diào)即將發(fā)生的某種事態(tài)。例如：
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home
二、進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等連用。例如：
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與always，continually，forever，constantly等連用。例如：
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根據(jù)計(jì)劃或安排在最近要進(jìn)行的事情。具有這種語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞僅限于過(guò)渡性動(dòng)詞。即表示從一個(gè)狀態(tài)或位置轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)狀態(tài)或位置上去的動(dòng)詞。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如：
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些動(dòng)詞不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)，這是一類表示“感覺，感情，存在，從屬”等的動(dòng)詞。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，(表示感覺的詞);hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive(表示感情的動(dòng)詞);be，exist，remain，stay，obtain(表示存在狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞);have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form(表示占有與從屬的動(dòng)詞);understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember(表示思考理解的動(dòng)詞)。但是如果它們?cè)~義改變，便也可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如：
1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
(look在此為聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞，意為“顯得，看上去”)
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look在此為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為“尋找”)
2.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)或發(fā)生后，另一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，或表示過(guò)去反復(fù)的習(xí)慣，常與always，continually，constantly等動(dòng)詞連用。例如：
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或表示要在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻開始，并繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。常用來(lái)表示禮貌的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求等。例如：
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
(現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái))完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是(現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái))完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，將放在完成時(shí)態(tài)部分講述。
三、完成時(shí)態(tài)
完成時(shí)態(tài)通常表示已完成或從事的動(dòng)作。它可分為：
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示對(duì)目前狀況仍有影響的，剛剛完成的動(dòng)作(常與yet，already，just連用)，或者過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生的，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況(常與for，since連用)。例如：
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：since, for, during, over等引導(dǎo)出的短語(yǔ);副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;狀語(yǔ)詞組this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：
1)I haven’t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成時(shí)態(tài)可用在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定語(yǔ)從句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語(yǔ)從句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級(jí)+ n +定語(yǔ)從句。如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)
(1)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，這個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間可以用by，before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示;或者表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如：
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)動(dòng)詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示過(guò)去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外兩種表示“過(guò)去想做而未做的事”的表達(dá)方式是：
1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于以下固定句型：
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ when + 過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ than +過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +過(guò)去時(shí)間，主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
3.將來(lái)完成時(shí)
將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻將完成或在另一個(gè)未來(lái)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作;也可以用來(lái)表示一種猜測(cè)。常與將來(lái)完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)和句子;before (the end of ) +表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)或句子;when, after等加上表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作的句子等。例如：
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，有現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
(1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如：
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
(2)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻之前開始的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻。例如：
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四：時(shí)態(tài)一致
時(shí)態(tài)一致是英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)考試的一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容。通常應(yīng)由主句謂語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)決定從句的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)。一般原則是：
1、當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)根據(jù)具體情況使用任何時(shí)態(tài)
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)使用過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)候，從句的謂語(yǔ)必須使用過(guò)去范圍的時(shí)態(tài)
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、當(dāng)從句是表示沒有時(shí)間概念的真理時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注：在此種情況下，即使主句謂語(yǔ)用了過(guò)去式的各種時(shí)態(tài)，從句謂語(yǔ)也應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
4、從句謂語(yǔ)只能用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的情況
利用時(shí)態(tài)一致原則確定從句動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，還應(yīng)注意，若主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是表示命令、請(qǐng)求、要求、建議、勸告等的動(dòng)詞，從句謂語(yǔ)只能用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，不能遵循時(shí)態(tài)一致原則。例如：
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
語(yǔ)態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，英語(yǔ)有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
1.不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)
(1)在英語(yǔ)中，不及物動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但有些不及物動(dòng)詞(包括短語(yǔ))容易引起誤用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動(dòng)詞，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
2.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)形式
常用的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有表1所列的幾種時(shí)態(tài)形式。
SPAN> 一般時(shí) 進(jìn)行時(shí) 完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
過(guò)去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
將來(lái) shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
過(guò)去 should be asked should have been asked
將來(lái) would be asked would have been asked
3.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，通常被看作是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，后面的介詞或副詞不能拆開或省略。例如：
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.“get + -ed分詞”的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
“get + -ed分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，而非動(dòng)作本身，常用來(lái)表示突發(fā)性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，“get + -ed分詞”還可用于談?wù)摓樽约鹤龅氖拢侵鲃?dòng)的行為而不是被動(dòng)的行為。例如：
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(離婚)
get engaged(訂婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗臉)
get married(結(jié)婚)
5.能帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)和復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
(1)能帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一次只能由一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)被保留下來(lái)。例如：
1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
(2)能帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如：
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
6.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
(1)The novel was well written.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
7.少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有時(shí)有被動(dòng)的意思
例1：The book is selling remarkably well.
例2：The song sounds very beautiful.
能這樣用的動(dòng)詞還有read(讀起來(lái))，clean(擦起來(lái))，wash(洗起來(lái))，write(寫起來(lái))。
例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need這樣用的動(dòng)詞還有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4：The meat is cooking.
例5：The book written by the professor is printing.
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