英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)具體詳細(xì)解說(shuō)
一、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的使動(dòng)方。也就是說(shuō)謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作源自主語(yǔ)，而施加于賓語(yǔ)。相反，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的受動(dòng)方，如果有賓語(yǔ)的，賓語(yǔ)往往是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的使動(dòng)方。 在語(yǔ)法機(jī)構(gòu)上，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別主要在于，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)直接使用動(dòng)詞原形作為謂語(yǔ)，然后再在該動(dòng)詞原形的基礎(chǔ)上施加時(shí)態(tài)和其他語(yǔ)法；而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則使用系詞+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作為謂語(yǔ)，各種時(shí)態(tài)和其他語(yǔ)法也施加在系詞上。
二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
英語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用得比漢語(yǔ)要多，要普遍，許多課本及考試乃至實(shí)際應(yīng)用中都常常涉及到這個(gè)問(wèn)題。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者，不必說(shuō)出執(zhí)行者或含糊不清的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，多用被動(dòng)式。須注意的是，許多地方與漢語(yǔ)不同。注意那些漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有"被……"的意思，英語(yǔ)卻應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)態(tài)。還要注意，英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)態(tài)往往由"by"引出，而有用介詞"by"的短語(yǔ)往往又不是被動(dòng)態(tài)，而是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。還有些特殊現(xiàn)象，如：known to man(人類......所知)，on foot步行(美國(guó)人有時(shí)用by foot)，in carraige(乘四輪馬車)等等。
還有假主動(dòng)，真被動(dòng)的十幾個(gè)常用詞的用法，以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried 等習(xí)慣用法。有關(guān)這類情況，做到心中有數(shù)對(duì)全面掌握被動(dòng)態(tài)，en211 準(zhǔn)確解答習(xí)題非常關(guān)鍵，被動(dòng)態(tài)必須涉及的是動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化的問(wèn)題。英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)本來(lái)很復(fù)雜，怎樣記住各自的被動(dòng)形式呢? 首先要明確"將來(lái)進(jìn)行無(wú)被動(dòng)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行同"。這兩種時(shí)態(tài)無(wú)被動(dòng)形式。
另外，不及物動(dòng)詞帶有同源賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，反身代詞的動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞都無(wú)被動(dòng)形式。即便如此，還有不定式，動(dòng)名詞，分詞，以及它們的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))的被動(dòng)態(tài)，再加上情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞以及它們的疑問(wèn)式和否定式從中摻雜，真是令人頭痛，眼花繚亂。下面口訣就以動(dòng)詞do為例，即do did過(guò)去式done過(guò)去分詞，以口訣形式總結(jié)各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)態(tài)，一定對(duì)你有所啟示。 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子通常是以Be-Passive(即"be+過(guò)去分詞")的形式來(lái)表達(dá)，但也可以Get-Passive(即"get+過(guò)去分詞")的形式來(lái)表達(dá)，例如：He got punished today. Get-Passive是一種新興的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式；相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)它的使用還沒(méi)有Be-Passive那么廣泛，一般限于口語(yǔ)和非正式書面語(yǔ)；但它卻有著用得愈來(lái)愈多的趨勢(shì)，是一種生氣蓬勃的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。 如果要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或行為的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，句子后面需接by～，譯為“被（由）……”。
1 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句型 肯定句：主語(yǔ)+be +過(guò)去分詞+（by～）. 否定句：主語(yǔ)+be not +過(guò)去分詞+（by～）. 一般疑問(wèn)句：Be +主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+（by～）？ 特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+be +主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+（by～）？ 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)是由be的時(shí)態(tài)決定的，be是什么時(shí)態(tài)，全句就是什么時(shí)態(tài)，be動(dòng)詞后面的過(guò)去分詞不變。
一、 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的`用法：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：is / am / are + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things.
2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year.
4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / are + being + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them.
5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：has / have + been + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：was/were + being + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital. The new road was being made.
7.過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：had + been + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 The classroom hadn’t been cleaned before the teacher came. The tickets had been sold out berore I came to the cinema.
8.將來(lái)完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：shall/will + have done They will have been married for 20 years by then. The project will have been completed before May.
9.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
二、 怎樣把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?
把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)非常簡(jiǎn)單，可以遵循以下幾個(gè)步驟：
1. 先找出謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；
2. 再找出謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)；
3. 把賓語(yǔ)用作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)；
4. 注意人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。 例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.
三、 使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：
1. 不及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well.
3. 感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞使用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不帶to ，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，須加上to 。 例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，直接賓語(yǔ)(物)作主語(yǔ)，那么動(dòng)詞后要用介詞，這個(gè)介詞是由與其搭配的動(dòng)詞決定。 He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個(gè)整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。 We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laugh at by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse