定語從句改寫為簡(jiǎn)單句
(一)改用“不定式”或“不定式短語”
如果定語從句的時(shí)態(tài)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)具有同時(shí)性(包括謂語有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)或之后性，則可以用“關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞+不定式”來簡(jiǎn)化，或直接用“不定式”來修飾先行詞。要注意的是，此時(shí)的不定式一定要是及物動(dòng)詞，如果是不及物，則需要在動(dòng)詞后面加上相應(yīng)的介詞，使之成為及物動(dòng)詞短語。這個(gè)結(jié)尾的介詞可以提前到關(guān)系代詞前面，也可以繼續(xù)留在句尾。前者是正式說法，后者是非正式說法。
例1：We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which they could play in.
我們搬到了鄉(xiāng)下，好讓孩子們有個(gè)花園在里面玩。
改為：We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which to play.
或者：We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden to play in.
例2：He felt miserable unless he had neighbors (whom)he could quarrel with.
他要是沒有可以吵架的鄰居就難受。
改為：He felt miserable unless he had neighbors with whom to quarrel.
或者：He felt miserable unless he had neighbors to quarrel with.
例3： The conference which will be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success. 計(jì)劃在今天下午舉行的會(huì)議一定會(huì)取得成功。
改為：The conference which to be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success.
或者：The conference to be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success.
例4：At a ceremony in Honolulu on Dec. 29, Postmaster General John E. Potter gave a preview of the Lunar New Year Commemorative Stamps Souvenir Sheet, the grand finale of the Lunar Year stamp series, which will be available in 2005.
12月29日，美國郵政總局局長(zhǎng)約翰·E·波特在檀香山從句了農(nóng)歷新年的紀(jì)念郵票小型張的揭幕儀式，這枚小型張將于2005年正式發(fā)行，它為農(nóng)歷新年的系列紀(jì)念郵票寫下了完美的結(jié)局。(注意：與定語從句一樣，也可以采用非限制性形式)
改為：At a ceremony in Honolulu on Dec. 29, Postmaster General John E. Potter gave a preview of the Lunar New Year Commemorative Stamps Souvenir Sheet, the grand finale of the Lunar Year stamp series, to be available in 2005.
(二)改用“介詞短語”
介詞短語替代定語從句有兩種方式：(1)省略“關(guān)系副詞+主語+be動(dòng)詞”，或“關(guān)系代詞+be動(dòng)詞”;(2)根據(jù)從句的意思改編。
例1：We have never forgotten the days (when we were) at college.
我們從來沒有忘記在大學(xué)對(duì)書的日子。
例2：I don’t know the person (who is) in your office.
在你辦公司的那個(gè)人我不認(rèn)識(shí)。
例3：Those who have high expectations but do not have those relationship skills are likely to be brought down to earth fairly quickly as their Prince or Princess Charming falls off their pedestal.
改為：Those with high expectations but without those relationship skills are likely to be brought down to earth fairly quickly as their Prince or Princess Charming falls off their pedestal.
那些對(duì)婚姻期望太高卻又不具備處理婚姻關(guān)系技巧的人，一旦他們心中的白馬王子或白雪公主從神圣的光環(huán)里跌落，他們就會(huì)很快地回到現(xiàn)實(shí)中。
例4：He is not a person who likes to haggle over every ounce.
改為：He is a person above personal interests.
他不是一個(gè)斤斤計(jì)較的人。
(三)改用“現(xiàn)在分詞短語”和“過去分詞短語”
“現(xiàn)在分詞短語”作后置定語
此項(xiàng)要明白三點(diǎn)：(1)“現(xiàn)在分詞短語”與前面的名詞一定是主謂關(guān)系;(2)它隱含的時(shí)態(tài)為與謂語動(dòng)詞同一階段的時(shí)態(tài)。例如：謂語是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞所隱含的是現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在正在繼續(xù)時(shí);如果謂語動(dòng)詞為一般過去時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞所隱含的時(shí)態(tài)為過去時(shí)、過去正在進(jìn)行時(shí);(3)being+-ed表示“正在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)”。如果信息的中心在什么時(shí)候可以用現(xiàn)在分詞呢?
(1)當(dāng)被修飾的名詞為“不定代詞”、“泛指意義的名詞”或“專有名詞”，可用現(xiàn)在分句短語作后置定語
由于主語是泛指，句子的意思往往表達(dá)的是一條“道理”或一件“事實(shí)”，所以它們的隱含時(shí)為“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”，此時(shí)就可以用分詞短語作后置定語。為了看清分詞所隱含的時(shí)態(tài)，配上定語。
為了讀者看得明白，配上定語從句，把分詞所替代的時(shí)間展示出來。
例1：Anyone touching that wire will get an electric stock.
任何人碰到那根電線就會(huì)觸電。
= Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.
例2：The only real and lasting solution is to convince people that driving is a skilled taskrequiring (=which requires) constant care and concentration.
唯一一個(gè)有效、持久的方法是說法人們相信，開車是一種技術(shù)活，需要不斷的小心，思想不能開小差。
例3：Charles and Sydney, looking (=who look)so much like each other, are often considered to be twins.
查爾斯和悉尼兩個(gè)人的相貌非常相似，經(jīng)常被人誤解為雙胞胎。
注：雖然被修飾的詞是泛指意義的詞，但是如果從句里的時(shí)態(tài)不是同步，則不可以用“現(xiàn)在分詞”去作后置定語，只能用“定語從句”。
例句Do you know anybody who has lost a dog?
你知道有誰丟了一只貓?
(2) 當(dāng)被修飾的名詞為特指，即有the限定，可用現(xiàn)在分句短語作后置定語
此類與上面一類一樣，與被修飾詞之間的關(guān)系為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所不同的是它強(qiáng)調(diào)該動(dòng)詞“正在進(jìn)行”。
例1：Would you help me to pass this note to the person sitting in the corner?
能幫助我把這個(gè)條子遞給坐在角落的那個(gè)人嗎?
= Would you help me to pass this note to the person who is sitting in the corner?
注：同上一個(gè)“注”道理一樣，本項(xiàng)雖然主句的主語是特指，但兩個(gè)動(dòng)作時(shí)態(tài)不是在同一階段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生，所以也不能用“現(xiàn)在分詞”作定語，只能用“定語從句”。
例：The police are questioning the criminal who robbed the bank.
警察在審問那個(gè)搶劫銀行的犯人。
(4)“Being+過去分詞”表示“正在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)”
“Being+過去分詞”作后置定語等同于含有“正在進(jìn)行時(shí)+被動(dòng)語態(tài)”的定語從句。請(qǐng)注意與下面的“過去分詞”作后置定語的區(qū)別，此項(xiàng)里的being是不可以省略的，否定表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)、完成時(shí)和過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)關(guān)系了(詳見2)“過去分詞”作后置定語)。
例1：The dormitory being built is for girl students.
正在蓋的宿舍是給女生住的。
例2：The baby being taken care of by my mother is mine.
正在由我媽媽帶的這個(gè)嬰兒是我的。
“過去分詞短語”作后置定語
此項(xiàng)要明白三點(diǎn)：(1)“過去分詞短語”與前面的名詞一定是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系;(2)主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來時(shí)，“過去分詞”所隱含的時(shí)態(tài)是“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”或“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”。如果有時(shí)間/地點(diǎn)狀語或有by引導(dǎo)的介詞，還可以替代過去時(shí)，因?yàn)闀r(shí)間/地點(diǎn)狀語以及by引導(dǎo)的狀語都是強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作。當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞是“一般過去時(shí)或過去將來時(shí)”的時(shí)候，“過去分詞”所隱含的時(shí)態(tài)是“一般過去時(shí)”或“過去完成時(shí)”。下面同樣用分詞與定語從句對(duì)比的方式要看看“過去分詞”所替代的時(shí)態(tài)。
例1：The risk associated with a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather than an individual decision-maker. 對(duì)于作出某項(xiàng)行動(dòng)的決定，集體作的要比個(gè)人作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)小。
= The risk which is associated with a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather than an individual decision-maker. (由于主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)與它同步，所以可以省略關(guān)系代詞和助動(dòng)詞)
例2：In fall 1992, people in Iowa sent truckloads of water to help Floridians hit(=which was hit) by a hurricane.
在1992年的秋天，愛荷華州的居民將好幾輛卡車的水送到受颶風(fēng)襲擊的佛羅里達(dá)州人的手里。
例3：I’d like to make some comments on the meeting held (=which was held)yesterday. 我想對(duì)昨天召開的會(huì)議發(fā)表一點(diǎn)看法。
(四)改用“形容詞短語”
“形容詞短語”省略的理由和方式，與“分詞短語”作后置定語一樣。當(dāng)它們不是句中的重點(diǎn)信息，就可以去掉關(guān)系代詞和be動(dòng)詞。形容詞作后置定語同定語從句一樣，可以分為“限制性”和“非限制性”。
例1：I bought this comic book hot off the press. 我買了這本剛剛出版的漫畫書。
例2：She is a kind lady, ready to help others. 她是一個(gè)善良的女人, 總是幫助別人。
例3：Companies large and small the world over have been developing their own “corporate universities”. 全世界大大小小的公司都一直在辦自己的“公司大學(xué)”。
(五)改用“主語從句”或“名詞短語”
當(dāng)which引導(dǎo)的定語從句指代主句全部?jī)?nèi)容時(shí)，可以把which改為it，作形式主語，把原來的主句改成正在主語。或者把定語從句的整個(gè)信息改換為名詞短語作主語，使原來的定語從句變成簡(jiǎn)單句。
例4： He indulges himself all day in computer games, which makes his parents extremely sad.
改為：It makes his parents extremely sad that he indulges himself all day in computer games.
他整天沉湎于電腦游戲，這使他父母?jìng)闹翗O。(主語從句)
或者：His indulgence in computer games all day makes his parents extremely sad. (名詞短語)
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