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關(guān)于PETS的閱讀以及翻譯
There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root status) and a? gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance.???
The influence of the? mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating,? ordering,? and? the taking? of? censuses? --all? of? which? led? to? modern? descriptive statistics. From the influence of? the father came? modern? inferential statistics,? which? is based squarely on theories of probability.??
Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting and describing collections of data. These data may be quantitative such as measures of height, intelligence or grade level --variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum --or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for? describing? or summarizing or reducing to? comprehensible? form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.??
Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that? present? great??? difficulties? for? the? unaided human? mind.? This? general? class? of? problems characteristically involve? attempts? to? make? predictions? using? a? sample? of? observations.? For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a? little knowledge? of? statistics,? the? superintendent? would? know? that? it? is unnecessary? and inefficient to question each child: the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.
統(tǒng)計學(xué)?
統(tǒng)計方法的早期發(fā)展受到兩種截然不同的影響。? 統(tǒng)計學(xué)有一個"母親"，她致力于井井有條地記錄政府機(jī)構(gòu)的文件(國家和統(tǒng)計學(xué)這兩個詞源于同一個拉丁語詞根，status)，還有一 個有紳士般的賭博"父親"，他依靠數(shù)學(xué)來提高賭技，以便在幾率的游戲中取勝。? "母親"對其子女統(tǒng)計學(xué)的影響表現(xiàn)在計數(shù)、測量、描述、制表、歸類和人口普查。? 所有這些導(dǎo)致了 現(xiàn)代描述統(tǒng)計學(xué)的誕生。???
由于"父親"的影響則產(chǎn)生了完全基于概率論原理的現(xiàn)代推理統(tǒng)計 學(xué)。? 描述統(tǒng)計學(xué)涉及對所收集數(shù)據(jù)的制表、制圖和描述。? 這些數(shù)據(jù)可以是數(shù)量性的數(shù)據(jù)，如高度、智商、或者是層級性的數(shù)據(jù)--具有連續(xù)性的變量--或數(shù)據(jù)也可以代表性質(zhì)變量，如 性別、大學(xué)專業(yè)或性格類型等等。???
數(shù)量龐大的數(shù)據(jù)通常必須經(jīng)過概括或刪減的程序才能為 人所理解。? 描述統(tǒng)計學(xué)就是這樣一個工具，它對極其龐雜的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行描述、概括或刪減，使其變成能為人理解的東西。? 推理統(tǒng)計學(xué)是一套已定形了的方法體系，它解決的是光憑人 腦極難解決的另一類問題。???
這類問題的顯著特點(diǎn)是試圖通過取樣調(diào)查來作出預(yù)測。? 例如， 有一位教育督察想知道在一個龐大的學(xué)校系統(tǒng)中，不吃早飯就上學(xué)的學(xué)生、已經(jīng)做過防感冒免疫的學(xué)生，或其它任何類型的學(xué)生占多大比例。? 若具備一些統(tǒng)計學(xué)的知識，這位督察應(yīng) 明白，詢問每個孩子是沒有必要而且沒有效率的，只要用100 個孩子為樣本，他就可以相當(dāng) 精確地得出這些孩子占整個學(xué)區(qū)的比例了。? 因此，推理統(tǒng)計學(xué)的目的就是通過了解一個群體中一些樣本的特性，從而對整個群體的特性進(jìn)行推測和估算。
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